I-1

December 3, 1966

Dear Dr. Brodal:

You have kindly sent me some of your recent papers about the fiber connections in the cat central nervous system. I express my hearty thanks to you.
I have been specialized in neuroanatomy and studying the association and commissural fibers in the cat cerebrum. I would like to learn more from you under your able guidance and I would be very grateful if you could kindly find out an appropriate fund in support of my stay in your laboratory, as there is little chance to obtain grant in my country.
I am 35 years old, healthy, married with no child. After I was graduated from Chiba University in 1962, I entered the Neuropsychiatry Department of the university and studied the psychic symptoms of the mental diseases, and also examined the unilaterally atrophied human brains with the Kulver-Barrera and Pal-Calmin staining serial sections and investigated the cortico-cortical fiber connections of the cat cerebrum by use of the Nauta method in the Department of Anatomy. I am studying the electron microscopy for a few months and am now anxious to further extend my research in the structure and functions of the cerebral cortex.
Please allow me to send you, with a separate cover, a copy of my recent papers “Corticocotical Fiber Connections in the Cat Cerebrum-The Frontal Region” which is now in press in the Journal of Comparative Neurology, and a report abstract “Association and Commissural Fibers in the Cat Cerebrum”which was submitted to the IX International Congress of Anatomists in Leningrad, 1970. I am now preparing to write articles of the corticocotical fiber connections in areas other than the frontal region. Now I am a staff of the Anatomy Department of Chiba University and appointed to be Associate Professor of Akita University next April and received permission from the Dean to study in abroad for one or two years. I would be most grateful if you would give me an opportunity to study under your supervision.

Thank you for giving this letter your attention.

Sincerely yours,
Koki Kawamura.

I-2

December 16th 1969
Dear Dr. Kawamura,

Thank you for your letter of December 3rd.

Although we are rather crowded at present, and I have promised to take two foreign research workers under my guidance from 1971, I suppose it would be possible to accommodate you as well since you apparently have considerable experience in neuroanatomy. If this should materialize, it would be correct that you submit some letters of recommendation from people who know you and your work.

Unfortunately we have no grants for foreign research workers at our university. However, the Norwegian Research Council offers two fellowships a year to IBRO (International Brain Research Organization), and you may therefore apply to them for one of these fellowships. I do not know how many applicants it will be for 1971, but it may be worth trying to file an application to IBRO.

I hope to hear from you later.

With best wishes,
yours sincerely

A. Brodal.

P.S. The address of IBRO is: Place de Fontenoy, Paris 7e.

I-3

December 28,1969.

Dear Professor Dr. Brodal ;
So happy am I to receive your letter of December 16th, informing me the possibility of accommodating me in your laboratory. I do wish to extend my further research, under your guidance from 1971. I asked the IBRO to let me have the application forms by air mail. As soon as it comes to me, I will file an application to it. Dr. Akio Yamauchi, Dr. Katsumi Otani and Dr.Saburo Homma promised me to write letters of recommendation for me, so I think you will receive letters from them within next few weeks. Dr. Homma may recommend me through Prof. Dr. J. Jansen Jr., whom he knows very well.
I should be very grateful if you could send me an official letter, which shows the acceptance of my future stay in your laboratory, as it will become necessary when I offer my IBRO forms to the Ministry of Education in Japan.
Finally, I must confess to the weakness of my memory that I was graduated from Chiba University in 1961, not in 1962, as I wrote you in my letter of December 3rd. As you might know, here in Japan we do not
generally use the universal year, but we do the special name of an era in Japan. Please understand me the reason why I confused the year of my graduation.
I am waiting for your letter.

Sincerely yours,

Koki Kawamura"

I-4

January 8th 1970

Dear Dr. Kawamura,

It is a pleasure to inform you that on the basis of your own information and the recommendations of professors Matsumoto and Yamauchi we shall be glad to have you as a research fellow in this department in 1971. As to the project on which you will be working, I suppose we may discuss this later.

Yours sincerely
A. Brodal.

I-5

January 8th 1970

Dear Dr. Kawamura,

Thank you for your letter of December 28th. I have received letters of recommendation from Professor Matsumoto and Professor Yamauchi.

I enclose a letter indicating that I am willing to accept you as a research worker in this laboratory. In case IBRO requires such a letter you might send them a copy.

Hoping that IBRO will grant you a fellowship, and looking forward to seeing you in 1971.

Yours sincerely
A. Brodal"

I-6

January 26, 1970
Dear Dr. Brodal,

Thank you for your letter of January 8th. IBRO suggested me to submit my application as soon as possible (copy enclosed), so I have sent the documents requested. I must apologize you for my having written the document (copies enclosed) without asking your favour beforehand,
as I had judged that it would not allow me any longer delay. Please forgive me.
Please let me know about your opinion about my descriptions on the scientific research to be carried out and the relevancy of the proposed training for my future career. If there are any points unsuitable, lease let me know. I think I can understand you.
If your are all right with you, would you mind asking you to write a recommendation to IBRO for me? I should be very much pleased if you would accept my request. I am eager to extend my neuroscientific research under your guidance and, if allowed me, on the theme concerning the structure and functions of the cerebral cortex.
Recently, I submitted a paper "Variations of the cerebral sulci in the cat" for the Journal of Comparative Neurology, the copy of which I send to you under a separate mail. I hope your will be kind enough to give me your comments.
Looking forward to hearing from you latter, and also hoping to see you in the International Congress in Leningrad.

With best wishes,

Sincerely yours,
Koki Kawamura.

I-7

April 10th 1970

Dear Professor Kawamura,

I apologize for being somewhat late in replying to your letter of January 26th. However, I do not think any harm is done by this.
Concerning your suggestion that I write a letter of recommendation for you to IBRO I do not think this will be know you and you have, I hope, submitted the letters of recommendations which you have sent to me, also to the IBRO.
There is another reason why I should not give a special recommendation. It may happen that there are more applicants, and I will then in the end have to make the final decision without being bound by having previously recommended one of the applicants.
I have read through your paper on the cerebral sulci in the cat. I think this is a useful study which may be of help for people making cortical lesions in the cat.
As soon as I hear anything from IBRO I will let you know. I am looking forward to meeting you in Leningrad. With best wishes,

yours sincerely,
A.Bradal.

I-8

April 25, 1970
Dear Dr. Brodal

Thank you very much for your letter of April 10th.
I apologize for my boldness as to ask you to write a letter of recommendation. To say the truth, I was regretful for my act after I had posted the letter of January 26th, even though you might understand my wish to study at your Anatomical Institute. I understand very well the reasons you showed me. I can appreciate them thoroughly.
Now I can say that if I were in the same position as you, I would take the same attitude as you have taught me.
Anyhow, I was happy to know from your letter that you had no harm by this.
Hoping that IBRO will grant me a fellowship, which enables me to study under your guidance.
With best wishes,
Sincerely yours,
Koki Kawamura.

I-9

June 22, 1970
Dear Dr. Brodal,

We are now in rainy season here in Japan and trees and grasses are beautiful with fresh green color. I am now busy writing my papers cortico-cortical fiber connections in the cat 1) Temporal-, 2) parietal-and 3)
Occipital-Regions in order to contribute to the Journal of Comparative Neurology as a subsequent series of my investigation of Frontal region.
I want to make this work to an end before I leave Japan for Leningrad on 4th of this August. I should be most grateful if you would give me your suggestions about my work in Leningrad, if the time allowed you. I have
the greatest pleasure and honor in promising you to present an album of my figures which are to be demonstrated in the Congress.
My recent paper on the cerebral sulci in the cat is now under consideration of Editorial Board of Acta Anatomica in Basel, after having revised and rearranged the paper according to the suggestion of the Editorial Board of the J. Comp. Neur. To submit it to a journal that contains other articles on gross features of this kind, such as Acta Anatomica.
I have been appointed to be an Associate Professor of Anatomy at Akita University in Japan, and at present I have my laboratories both in Chiba and Akita Universities, mainly staying, however, in Chiba until August.
Have you ever heard we Japanese nominate the twelve horary signs of animals to years? According to our traditions, 1970 is a year of "Dog ".
It means a diligent and faithful animal. I have had the happiest enjoyments in the past three times on the 14th of June; in ever twelfth of my birthday.
In Japan, a 36-year ?old man is cerebrating as a luckiest fellow in this year.
This is a short, interesting story. I hope you toast it with me.
I sincerely look forward to you guidance and everlasting encouragement.
With best wishes,
Sincerely yours,
Koki Kawamura.

I-10

June 26th 1970.
Dear Dr. Kawamura,

Thank you for your letter of June 22nd.

Professor Brodal has at present his summer vacation.
When he is back again, about the 7th of July, he will answer to your letter.
Yours sincerely,
Oddlaug Gorset.

I-11

July 21st 1970.
Dear Dr. Kawamura,

Thank you for your letter of June 22nd and for the set of illustrations of your findings which you have sent me.

I am looking forward to meeting you in Leningrad, where we may discuss problems of common interest.

With best wishes,
Yours sincerely,
A. Brodal.

I-12

September 21st 1970.

Dear Dr. Kawamura:
Thank you for your letter of September 7th. I am sorry That my reply is late, but this is because I have been ill
for two weeks.

I am very glad to hear that you have been awarded an IBRO fellowship for 1971. My congratulations! I am looking forward to having you in our department, and hope that you will spend a profitable and pleasant year with us.

Concerning the information you are expected to give in the formular I suggest that you write the following or something similar:
" On the suggestion of Professor Brodal I will start my work with an experimental study of details in the organization of the projection from the cerebral cortex to the trigeminal nuclear complex in the cat. The silver impregnation methods of Nauta and Fink-Heimer will be used on sections of the brain stem of cats in which small lesions have been made of various parts of the cerebral cortex.

Following the first study of this subject by Brodal, Szabo and Torvik in 1957, several authors have brought forward additional information. However, there are still many details to be clarified concerning the precise sites of origin of the fibres as well as the distribution of the various contingents of fibres within the nucleus. Preliminary studies, performed in the Anatomical Institute of Oslo, show that there are Specific patterns within the corticotrigeminal projections.
A clarification of these will be of interest for the understanding of the complex physiological observations made on the trigeminal nuclei in recent years. ? If time permits, it will be of interest to supplement these studies with experimental electron microscopical investigations.

The subject proposed is part of an extensive programme on the topographical organization of various corticofugal projections going on in the Anatomical Institute, University of Oslo.

I hope this sounds attractive to you. The problem links up in a natural way with your previous studies, as well as with my own line of research.

I suppose the remaining steps in connection with the grant are purely formal, and that we may consider it as settled that you get the fellowship. It may therefore be just as well to think of accommodation, which is difficult to find in Oslo. However, the University of Oslo disposes of some small flats and rooms in the Students' Hostel, where several of our previous foreign research people have stayed. I might try to secure accommodation for your there (I hope it will not be too late!), but before doing so I will have to know whether you will be coming alone or with a wife and perhaps also children. Please let me have this information as soon as possible.
With best wishes,
Your sincerely,
A. Brodal


P.S. It would be an advantage if you before you come could have time to dig up and go through as much as possible of the literature on the corticotrigeminal connections. There is very much physiology but relatively little anatomy.

I-13

Oct. 8. 1970
Dear Dr. Brodal

Thank you for your letter of September 21st.
I am very glad to know that you gave me such an attractive theme of investigation i.e. corticotrigeminal Connections!
I will come to your Institute with my wife (I have no children), and wish to stay in the Student's Hotel, it possible.
I will write again.

Thank you,
Koki Kawamura.

I-14

October 16, 1970
Dear Dr. Brodal:

How glad I am now to know that I will be able to investigate on the important and attractive theme under your guidance.
How are you? Are you completely well now? I sincerely hope so.
As I answered to you in my post card of October 8th, I would like to ask a favor of you to secure accommodation for us (me with my wife) in the Students' Hostel, -- I know it its not Hotel which I may be wrote in my earlier post card--, if available.
I have been very busy in these few weeks about moving my home from Chiba to Akita. Please forgive me for the delay of my answer to you. Yesterday I submitted the second Application form both to the IBRO and to the Japanese Government, the copy of which I am forwarding you herewith. I described the same words and sentences
in the column of study plan as you suggested to me by your letter of September 21st. Is it all right with this description?
May I present my recent paper "Corticocotical Connections of Frontal Region" to you? Successive three papers about Fiber-connections of 1) Temporal-, 2) Parietal-, and 3) Occipital-Regions are now on consideration in the Journal of Comparative Neurology. If these papers will be published, my work of cortico-cortical fiber connections originating from lateral gyral surfaces will be ended and I am now interested in the work of association fibers from the middle suprasylvian sulcus.
Another paper of mine : Cerebral sulci of Cats, about which
You kindly gave me your opinion, is accepted in the Acta Anatomica.
Please take the best care of your health!
I request you heartily your instructions in my future studies.

With best wishes,
Sincerely yours,
Koki Kawamura.

I-15

October 20,1970
Dear Dr. Kawamura:

Thank you for your nice postcard and your letter of October 16th. I would also like to thank you for the reprint on the cortico-cortical fibre connections.

I have applied to the Students' Hostel for accommodation for you and your wife. When I did so I was under the impression that you would come here in the beginning of January 1971.
I see, however, from your application that you have mentioned October 1971 as the date for your coming here. If this is not a misprint please let me know. I will then have to change the application for accommodation.

I do not think it would make much difference whether you come in January or October, but since the IBRO fellowships are usually for a calendar year Ｉ think it would be best if you could start your fellowship period in the beginning of 1971.

Please let me know at your earliest convenience which decision you make concerning your arrival here.

With best wishes,
Yours sincerely,
A. Brodal.

I-16

October 30,1970
Dear Dr. Brodal

Thank you very much for your letter of October 20th. You asked me about the time of my arrival to Oslo. I am sorry I did not make sure the exact time of it in eningrad. To say the conclusion first, I would like to visit your Institute in October 1971, as I mentioned in my application.
When I asked you in Leningrad "May I come to Oslo in next autumn?", I think your reply was "yes". If you do not remember it, I think my expression was lack of accuracy. I thought the IBRO fellowships begin in autumn like universities in Europe. Therefore, when I visited IBRO / Unesco at Paris, on the 3rd of September, I told Miss Politis, secretary of Ibro Grant Sub-committee, that my work in Oslo will begin in next autumn. When I came back to Japan, Japanese Government informed me that it decided me to be a member of the Japanese exchange scholars of this year to Soviet Union, and that it is from this winter (Probably from this December or a little later) during ten months. So I accepted the government decision and hoped to go to the Laboratory of Ultra structure of Nerve in Pavlov Institute in Leningrad (chief is Prof. Dr. A. S. Iontov) as I thought that this was a nice chance to extend my neuroscientific research at Pavlov Institute.
I request you, therefore, to understand my wish that I would like to start my fellowship period in October 1971. I would be the happiest man in the world if I could go to Oslo from Leningrad.
Yesterday I received a letter from Director A. Kh. Kinany of Unesco, Paris, copy of which I am sending you herewith, informing that my duration of research at your Institute is approved for two years. I am told that the research period of Ibro fellowship is generally one year, so described in the application form simply as one year. I was so glad to see his letter and now eagerly wish to investigate under your guidance for two years!!! Will you accept me?
I will write back to Dr. Kinany about my wish to study for two years.
With best wishes,
Sincerely yours,
Koki Kawamura.

I-17

November 4th 1970
Dear Dr. Kawamura,
Thank you for your letter of October 30th.
It is probably a mistake of mine when I believed you were coming in January 1971. From our point of view it is perfectly O.K. if you come in October, especially since I will have a Belgian and a Portuguese research fellow starting in January.
I suppose there are no objections from IBRO for your starting the fellowship in October. Maybe you should have this problem clarified. It will of course be of great interest to you to work in Leningrad for 10 months. I do not think you should miss this opportunity, and wish you a fruitful and interesting stay in Russia.
If there are any problems or questions, please do not hesitate to write me.

With best wishes,
Yours sincerely,
A. Brodal.

I-18

February 4,1971
Dear Dr. Brodal:
Yesterday I was informed from the Japanese authorities that they received the official answer from the Soviet Union about the permission of my visiting the Pavlov Institute in Leningrad. It has taken such a long time in official business between two governments. So I have been very anxious waiting for the answer.
I will leave Japan at the end of the next month (March), and will stay in Russia till the end of September 1971. In these circumstances, I can not stay USSR for ten months ? it is my first plan ? and will shorten the period. I want to visit your Institute in the beginning of October 1971 on schedule. If the Norwegian and Japanese authorities will permit, I will arrive in Oslo directly from Leningrad. I think it is possible.
I apologize for the delay in my letter to you and now I am looking forward to seeing you in Oslo.
Sincerely hoping for your guidance.
With best wishes,
Sincerely yours,
Koki Kawamura.

I-19

February 9th 1971.
Dear Dr. Kawamura,
Thank you for your letter of February 4th.
It is a pity that all formal arrangements with the Soviet Union take so much time, and that accordingly your stay in Leningrad will be shortened.
As to your visit here I count on your arrival in the beginning of October. I suggest that you write me, say in April or May, in order that we may try to secure room for you at the Students' Hostel, where many are applying.
With best wishes,
Yours sincerely,
A. Brodal.

I-20

February 17, 1971
Dear Dr. Brodal
Thank you for your letter of February 9th.

I have understood from your letter, I think it is correct, that you suggested me to write a formal letter saying that my arrival in Oslo will be in April or May in order to apply for the Students' Hostel. I am enclosing another letter herewith.

Thank you for your kind suggestion.

With best wishes,
Sincerely yours,
Koki Kawamura.

I-21

February 22, 1971.
Dear Dr. Kawamura,

Thank you for your letter of February 17th.

I am afraid that there is a slight misunderstanding between us. If I read your letter right it says that you will be arriving in Oslo in May. I have got the impression from your previous letter (February 4th 1971) that you had to postpone your visit to Oslo to the beginning of October. In my last letter I wanted only to be reminded in due time that you will come at that period because it is good to be rather early with the application for a room at the Students' Hostel. However, if it is quite definite that you will arrive in the beginning of October I may as well apply already at this time for accommodation for you. No formal letter is required for this purpose. The only thing is that I have to be sure about your time of arrival when I book a room, because the Students' Hostel cannot keep rooms vacant for a longer period if the visitors do not arrive. Please le me know what is your correct time of arrival as soon as possible.
With best wishes,
Yours sincerely,
A. Brodal.

I-22

March 2nd, 1971
Dear Dr. Brodal:
Thank you for your letter of February 22nd.
I am very sorry that I misunderstood your letter of February 9th. My correct time of arrival in Oslo will be, it is quite definite, in the beginning of October. On the 25th of March I will leave Japan for Leningrad, where I will work in Pavlov Institute till the end of this September, as I wrote in my letter of February 4th.
Thank you so much for your kindness to apply for accommodation for me from the 1st of October 1971. I request you to neglect my formal letter of February 17,1971.
With best wishes,
Sincerely yours,
Koki Kawamura.

I-23

April 7, 1971.
Dear Dr. Brodal:
I have been here in Pavlov Institute for a week as am exchanging research worker with my wife. In a few days we can settle our flat from my present stay in hotel. I am just going to start working with my colleague Dr. F. N. Makarov in this laboratory under the guidance of Prof. Dr. A. S. Iontov using electron microscopy to see the degenerating terminals of cortico-cortical fibers.
I am looking forward to seeing you in Oslo at the beginning of October, 1971 and eagerly hope your able guidance in Oslo.
With best wishes,
Sincerely yours,
Koki Kawamura, M.D.

I-24

April 23rd, 1971.
Dear Dr. Kawamura,
Thank you for your letter of April 7th.
I hope you are having a nice time in Leningrad and profit scientifically as well.
I have noted that you except to arrive in the beginning of October 1971, and have accordingly applied for accommodation for you at the Students' Hostel from October 1st 1971. I hope this will be successful.
Looking forward to seeing you here, and with best wishes,
Yours sincerely,
A. Brodal.

I-25

April 29th 1971.
Dear Dr. Kawamura,
I am glad to be able to inform you that a flat has been secured for you and your wife from October 1st at the Students' Hostel.
With best wishes,
Yours sincerely,
A. Brodal.

I-26

May 13th 1971.
Dear Dr. Brodal,
Thank you for your letter of April 23rd, and for the kind care you gave me.
Some times, I will write you on picture- postcards, as you may be familiar with some pictures.
With best wishes,"

I-27

May 23rd 1971.
Dear Dr. Brodal,
Thank you again for your letter of April 29th. We are very glad to know that we can stay of the Students' Hostel from this October.
Best regards from my wife; TAKAKO, and looking forward to visiting you in Oslo.
With best wishes,
Sincerely yours, Koki Kawamura.

I-28

June 15th, 1971
Dear Dr. Brodal:
Thank you very much for your letter of April 7th and 29th, for which I have expressed our (with my wife) hearty gratitude to you by the picture post-cards of May13th and 23rd. Yesterday I received a letter from Ibro / UNESCO ? Division of Training Abroad, Department of Advancement of Education ? saying that Ibro had been informed by the Norwegian authorities that they will consider all applications from abroad including me again together with the Norwegian applications in the months of May and June because of the difficult situation of fimance. I do hope that they will give me good information. Anyway I am sure to visit you in Oslo in the beginning of October. About the exact time of my arrival in Oslo I am not fail to write you as soon as decided after the consultation with the Japanese Government.
My work of " variations of the cerebral sulci in the cat" will be published in the forthcoming Acta Anatomica. But I am not happy, because my work of three manuscripts "Corticocortical fiber connections in the cat cerebrum: The temporal region", "---The parietal region", "---The occipital region", which I submitted to the Journal of Comp. Neur. on the August of 1970 was rejected. After waiting a long period I received the answer stating that they are unsuitable for this Journal because I did not present any examples of degeneration that has resulted from the lesions nor did I show any histology of the lesion. But, in fact, I showed them in one figure and seven plates ? and each plate has several photographs. More over only these figure and plates have not returned to me, while other plates and figures were safely sent to me. So I could not help asking the editor of the journal to check them again if possible. I am now waiting for the answer from him.
At first I hesitated to write about this but now I am doing it, as I could not receive letter from the editor waiting foe two months. I am now thinking to submit them to other journal, such as Brain Research, after, if possible, having your instruction and opinion, making them better both in contents and English expressions. It is fortunate that I have brought nega-films of them -- I mean of Degeneration and of histology of lesions?to Leningrad from Japan. So if you could kindly spare your time for my work, looking through my manuscripts, I should like to send them at once.
Eagerly hoping your guidance,
With best wishes,
Sincerely yours,
Koki Kawamura.

I-29

August 20th, 1971
Dear Dr. Brodal;
I hope you have received my previous letter of June 15th, 1971. A few days ago I received a letter from UNESCO/Ibro saying that "The Norwegian National Commission for Unesco has informed us that your application form, with others, will be reviewed at the end of this coming September by the Department for Medical Research of the Norwegian Research Council for Science and Humanities.

Now it seems to me that it has become almost impossible to know about the decision of the Norwegian Research Council while I am staying in Leningrad, the limit of my staying in USSR being 30th of this September, so I would like to go to Oslo from Leningrad on the 30th of September. Even though the decision is regrettable, I would like to request you to have your guidance in investigating the work in your Institute.
I have some own money which will probably be enough, if we economize, for staying 10 or 12 months. My wife says that she wants to find job, if possible and necessary.

Looking forward to hear from you latter.

With best wishes,
Sincerely yours,
Koki Kawamura.

I-30

September 2nd, 1971
Dear Dr. Kawamura;
Thank you for your letter of August 20th. I can understand that you are a little frustrated to hear that the fellowship is not yet financially secured. This is again one of these silly consequences of bureaucracy!
I have written to the Research Council and asked them to award you a fellowship also for the three last months of this year. I suppose they will do this, but it will be too late for you to wait for their decision. I, therefore, strongly suggest, that you come here as planned about Oct. 1st, and I am sure we can find a way of arranging things.
Looking forward to meeting you
Best wishes
A. Brodal"

I-31

September 6th, 1971
Dear Dr. Brodal;
It is a pleasure to inform you that I ,with my wife, will fly from Leningrad to Oslo, view Helsinki, arriving Oslo at 19:25 (Oslo time) on the 30th of September (flight No. AY797Y).
Next day I will visit you at the Institute. Hoping you have received my precious letters of 15/June. and 20/aug.'71.
With best wishes
Sincerely yours,
Koki Kawamura.

I-32

September 15, 1971.
Dear Dr. Brodal;
Thank you for your letter of September 2nd, and for all the cares you gave me for staying and working at your Institute. After making report on the "Leningradian Seientific Meeting" on the 29th. of September. We will fly and arrive at Oslo at 19:25 on the next day(30/Sep.)
Eagerth hoping your guidance.
With best wishes,
Sincerely yours
Koki Kawamura.

I-33

July 6th, 1972.
Dear Dr. Alf Brodal
* NAVF granted me from Oct, '72 to Mar, '73. I am happy to say thank you.
* I think I will write to IBRO/UNESCO in Paris about it.
* Mrs. Vaaland and I looked for cats for further operation (sup. vest. nucl),
but no cats are available now. They say "Dyrestallen er stengt fra den 8 Julitil den 14 August." So we must wait until 15th August.
* Takako and I, and probably Yoko, are very much looking forward to meeting you
and your wife on next Wednesday.
Koki

I-34

 SUMMARY
RF-VN
The distribution of degeneration in the VN has been studied in transversally cut sections from 9 cats with stereotactically performed lesions in the main RF (Nauta or Fink and Heimer method). No projection was fond from the R. mes. and R.V. However, the reticular nuclei R. ge. , R. p. o. and R. p. o. were found to project bilaterally onto the four main vestibular nuclei with an ipsilateral overweight. By far the greatest contribution comes from the R. go. and R. p. c. In cases with R. go. lesions some degeneration was found in the small cell groups x and f. the latter is also supplied from the R. p. o. The distribution of degeneration within the vestibular complex is rather diffuse, but a certain pattern can be discovered.
After R. p. o. lesions the maximal terminal field in the VN is found within the superior nucleus, while the lateral and medial nucleus are preferred sites lf termination of fibers from R. go. and R. p. o. The projections of the R. go. and the R. p. o. may be more different than appears from our findings since lesions of one of them most likely will have affected some ascending or descending fibers emanating from the other.
Since the areas of RF projecting to VN receive afferents from many sources, these sources have possibilities to act on the VN even if they do not possess direct connections with this nuclear complex. These possibilities should be remembered in physiological studies of responses in the VN following stimulation of many parts of the CNS.

I-35

April 18, 1973.
Dear Koki,
Thank you for your letter of April 10th. I am glad to hear that you are now well installed in Akita, and I hope to hear from you soon that you get the chair for which you applied. 　I am sorry to hear that the illness of your father in law, it was good that Takako retired as early as she did.
The reason for replying so promptly to your letter is that today I got the proofs from I.C.N. of our tectopontive paper. Apart from some comments , figs etc. these were no charges. The illustrations came out well. Altogether 20 pages in print. I think now, when I read it again, that it is really a good paper with which may be very satisfied.
I forgot to ask you how many reprints I should order for you. I have had to fill this in now and have ordered 100 reprints (each half a dollar) for you. They will bill you later, address Akita. I hope this is OK. Please let me know how many reprints I should order for you of the tectoreticular paper.
Spring is slowly approaching here. I am busy with revising my Norwegian textbook and with finishing the two papers with Wold. Fred has operated our some mail cats and Greta is looking at the silver sections. I will let you know as we proceed. This is in a hurry. Please give Inger’s and my best regards to Takako and Yoko!
Best wishes
From Inger and Alf"

I-36

AB/G May 15th, 1973

Koki Kawamura, M.D.
Department of Anatomy
School of Medicine
Iwate Medical University
Morioka 020　
Japan

Dear Koki,

Thank you very much for your kind letter or April 28th. I carried it with me on my visit to Wurzburg in order to give you an early reply, but did not manage until now.

First of all, I want to congratulate you very heartily on the appointment to the chair in the Department of Anatomy in Morioka. I am very happy that you got this chair, which I understand gives you greater possibilities for research. I hope Takako will also be happy in Morioka, and I expect to hear from you when you get established.

I have noted that you want me to order 100 reprints for you on the tectoreticular paper, and will take care to make this.

As I mentioned I have just returned from Wurzburg. I am very satisfied that I managed to give a good lecture (according to the judgments of other people). We will in some mapping the last silver preparations. I hope we will get something out of this.

It is now full spring here, and I try to enjoy this as much as possible although various demands are made on my participation in other things than holidays.

I may tell you that Miss Gorset is now in full activity again following a short stay in a psychiatric clinic. Otherwise things are running as usual in the department.

My work with the new edition of my Norwegian textbook is progressing satisfactorily.

With best wishes to Takako and yourself also from Inger,
Yours sincerely,
A. Brodal"

I-37

July 25th, 1973
Dear Koki,

I discover that a month has already passed since I got your last letter! I am sorry to hear that you have had trouble with a sinusitis but I assume you are now all right again, and presumably you are now again united with Takako and Yoko?
It will obviously take some time before you get research joining in your lab and you should not worry if it takes some time with the completion of the inferior colliculous paper. As far as I remember there was a paper on the Golgi-picture of the inf. Colliculous in the last issue of the I.C.L. where our joint paper appeared. I’m going thought it now I find it a very good one! Requests for reprints are coming in great numbers every day, and I will select those who should have one. I often do not see many people ask for reprints, for example, which interest can a pharmacologist have in the tecto-pontive projection? Of the other paper I have got proofs of the illustrations and our expecting proofs of the test soon. The reproduction of the figures was very good. I will order 100 reprints sent to you.
Since you left Wold and I have finished the two papers on the corticotrigeminal projection, and Grete is now mapping the remaining cares for our common
project. We have not yet got the leucine series but they will soon be ready. As to myself I have now practically finished the work with the new edition of my Norwegian textbook. It has been quite a job, many new data to be incorporated and several new figures to be made. I now have to start work on a lecture which I am giving in Boston in October 28.
I do not think I have told you about this. There is a special meeting to celebrate the 70th birthday of a prominent neuroscientist. They have invited some 20 old men from the neurosciences to give a talk each of more personal views on the subject etc. and I have accepted to go there. But it is not easy to make a good lecture of that kind, especially since there will be corresponding lectures by leading neurophysiologists, chemists etc.
So far we have spent the summer at home and had a very good time with such nice weather. I have been working about half time, the rest being used for walking, working in the garden and small excursions. In a few days we will go to our cottage in the mountains for real holidays for 2 1/2 weeks, before I should start teaching again on Aug. 20th.
Inger and I have had a very quiet time the last week. All our children with grand children are on holidays. She has had some trouble with back-pain recently, but otherwise Inger is fine. We visited Fred and Kari in the end of May at Stord, an island on the West Coast. They were very satisfied with the situation there.
Inger sends her best regards to you, Takako and Yoko.
With my very best wishes to all of you.
Yours, Alf"

I-38

15/Aug. 1973
Dear Alf,

Thank you very much for your kind letter of July 25th. I was so glad and have read it again and again. I am so happy and glad to hear that you have now good health finishing the work of your Norwegian text book and preparing the lecture in Boston.
We often recall and talk about Inger and you, we sincerely hope you keep good
health. I also get many ---------- from Oslo and try to select 16 cards to send. But I feel it’s not so easy to do. I am very grateful for your able and kind guidance during my research work (or I say study) in Oslo so as to make such a nice paper. I am happy that I feel the second paper (Tectoreticular one) is very good as well.
Thank you very much for the care sending me 100 reprints of that paper. I have just started writing a inf. collicular paper. September is my busiest month, terrible! Almost every day lectures and directions. I hope I can send you the manuscript in October and ask your critical comments and correction of sentences! My technician has become able to make practically nice Fink and Heimer sections. I have also one assistant who is now studying the structure of the brain and can see the silver impregnated sections fairly well. But not reliable yet. And I hope we can start Leucin-research within this year, probably November.
Dad Alf, although it is a matter of course, I hope and I believe that you are the first author of the third paper (reticulo vestibular, Nauta). I remember that you kindly mentioned my contribution to the work, but I do really think it is only in the first step, the starting portion of our common work also with Fred and Grethe. I am quite satisfied with your decision that Koki is a co-worker. That’s enough for me. I am now enclosing pictures here which interest you. I do hope to see you again!
Please give my kindest regards to Inger, and also whom you meet, to Kari and Per, Marie. Takako & Yoko will come and join from 11 of October.
From Koki"

I-39

September 3rd 1973
AB/if

Professor Koki Kawamura,
Department of Anatomy,
Iwate medical university,
Morioka 020, Japan


Dear Koki,

Thank you fro your letter of Aug. 15th and for the nice colour-prints which you sent us. They are already pasted in their proper place in our album.
I am glad to learn that you begin to get technical assistance of use to you. It must be particularly satisfying now that Takako and Yoko are together with you. Take your time with the inferior colliculus paper! There have been some recent papers on other aspects of the i.c., and that may perhaps be of interest for you in the discussion. We (that is, chiefly Grete) are now studying the R.F. cases more thoroughly. As to the N.r.t. and the N.r.l. we have so far not got entirely satisfactory lesions and she is making new ones. So fare the leucine material has given meager results, to say the least, very little blackening at the site of injection.
As to our tectoreticular paper I have had the second proofs some weeks ago. It will presumably appear in the Exp. Brian Res. this fall. When reading through it I was quite satisfied.
Some days ago we had a short visit of professor Manna, who talked about his Golgi-studies of single neurons. This must indeed be a cumbersome and time-consuming task!
I started teaching on Aug. 20th , and it hoes fairly well, although I find it more stremous to lecture than before. On the whole I am taking (or trying to take!) life a little more leisurely than before. We spent 2 1/2 weeks up at our cottage in Tuddle in the beginning of August and except for two days we had very fine weather all the time.



At present I am chiefly working on a lecture which I have called “The wiring pattern of the brain”. It is to be presented at a particular symposium in Boston, and I have decided to go there. There will be some 2o people (Eccles, Bremer, Szentagothai, Weiss, Sperry, Granit and others) who will talk about their field of research and personal experiences. I believe this will not be too demanding, once the lecture is prepared. I would like t give my personal opinion about how knowledge of fiber connections may contribute to our general views on the organization of the brain.
Inger sends her very best regards and will write Takako later.

With kind regards to all three of you,
Yours sincerely,
Alf

P.S. Demands for reprint of the tectopontine paper are still coming. I have some 35 copies left. Some time ago I sent you a bunch which I thought you might take care of, but requests are addressed to Oslo, apparently.

I-40

Christmas 1973
Dear Takako and Koki,

It is some time since we heard from you, but we suppose you are both busy in establishing yourself in your new place.
Here all is well. We have already full winter here. Recently we were on a short trip in Boston for a celebration symposium (Francis O. Schmitt, 20 years). Now there is a rather quiet time, apart from all the traditional preparation for Christmas. We are still working on the reticulovestibular projection. It turns out to be very hard to get lesions restricted to the N.r.t. There are some interesting points concerning the connections of this with the cerebellum. Always one finds new things when one looks carefully.
We hope you both as well as Yoko are in good health, and that you do not suffer to much from the oil crises.
I finish this short note by wishing you both the traditional herry Christmas (in parenthesis, it should be) and a Happy New Year!

Yours,
Inger and Alf"

I-41

KK/yh
March 13, 1974
Professor Alf Brodal
Anatomical Institute
University of Oslo
Karl Johans gate 47
Oslo 1, Norway


Dear Alf,

I sincerely apologize for my long absence of letters to you which I have always been thinking I should. Coming back to teaching, dissection, examinations and other annoying jobs both in school and home, I could not start writing inferior collicular paper until now, forgive me….. I do not think I have been lazy but..... This is my main reason that I could not speak to you. I am sure I will start writing Discussion now.
Congratulations fro your 65th birthday, Dad Alf, and million task for inviting me to the symposium!! This is the greatest pleasure and honour in my life. Of course I will come. Reasons of my delay in answering to Fred, I wrote to him.
Thank you very much for the reprints you gave me. I dearly recall the sunny days in your garden taking sweet sandwiches which Inger made and every conversation and discussion we had and you taught me. How glad we (Takako and I) were to hear from you, in your Christmas card to us, that you had a successful lecture trip to Boston with Inger and you both keep healthy condition! We were also glad to know this from Dr. Otani who told me that he received kindest entertainment from you in Oslo.
Request cards for the reprints of the colliculoreticular projections are sending forward to me from Oslo but I have not seen the Journal yet and am waiting for the bundle of reprints to come from the press. It is entirely because of your kind and able guidance that I could enjoy fruitful scientific life and could work successfully and happily.
Here we have some additional cases in which large lesions were made in the inferior colliculus, impregnated Nauta, Fink and Heimer and Wiitanen methods but no degenerating fibers could not be found in the reticular formation in the pons and medulla. We hope we can at last infect leucin in coming May in the region of dorsolateral nucleus in the pons to see the termination in the vermis. We hope it will go nicely.
How about autoradiographycal studies in Oslo? Has it become stable to get good results?
Takako also sends her kindest regards to Inger and Alf.
With best wishes,
Yours sincerely, Koki Kawamura, M.D.

P.S. I am enclosing a picture of my family taken last fall.

I-42

March 29th, 1974 AB/ak
Professor Koki Kawamura, M.D.
Department of Anatomy
School of Medicine
Iwate Medical University
MORIOKA 020, Japan

Dear Koki,
Thank you for your letter of March 13th and for the nice photo of the little Kawamura family. We are glad to know that you are now assembled again and that you apparently can get some time to continue with the inferior colliculus work. It would be really interesting, and in fact a little astonishing, if there were no fibres to the R.F. of the pons and medulla from the inferior colliculus.
I hope you have now got your bunch of reprints of our joint tectoreticular paper. There have been quite a number of requests for reprints, addressed to you or me, to our department, and I am sending them out as long as the stock will last. Of the tectopontine paper I have no copies any more. In case you should have some I will forward the requests to you.
As to the leucin method we have so far not been very successful. It may be that in the R.F. the cells are so widely spaced that one does not get enough uptake. However, we have recently done some preliminary experiments with the horse-radish peroxidase method on the olivocerebellar and pontocerebellar projections and it seems to work. So far we have injected only in the paramedian lobule. In all cases we find marked cells in four different but circumscribed places in the olive, and in 3 or 4 longitudinal columns in the pons! Presumably this means that there are, after all, collaterals of the olivo- and pontocerebellar fibres. Grethe is working with Fred and me on this, and I have suggested to her to consider especially the projections to the visual cerebellar area(s). Maybe she will manage to get stuff for a doctor’s thesis? I hope that the project will not interfere with any of your immediate plans.
Since these projections are obviously far more complex than what I could conclude from retrograde cell studies, they will require many experiments. But it is indeed fascinating. Once again it appears that we have cases with multiple projections (to and from a particular unit).
I am delighted to hear that you will come to the arrangement which is being planned for January next. If this goes as my friends plan it, it should be a very nice meeting!
Both Inger and I send our best regards to Takako, Yoko and yourself. Does Yoko remember anything from your stay in Oslo?
With best wishes
Yours,
A.Brodal"

I-43

KK/yh
April 26th, 1974
Professor Alf Brodal, M.D.
Anatomical Institute
University of Oslo
Karl Johns gate 47
Oslo 1, Norway

Dear Alf,
Thank you very much for your letter of March 29th. I am happy that I will visit Oslo again to celebrate your birthday as one of your students. I have got bunch of reprints of our tectoreticular papers but am wondering that no bills are requested to me as yet. Please forward the request cards to me for which you think I should take care of. Some cards are also coming to me but I have more than 50 copies at hand now. Of the tectopontine paper, however, I have only several copies left for available, so I ask you to select the cards in case you send them to me.

As I asked your opinion in Oslo as the extension of our research work, one of my present plans is to investigate the projections from the dorsolateral pontine nucleus to the cerebellar vermis with th methods of leucin and horse-radish peroxidase (HRP). Brand new information of your peroxidase findings actually encouraged me, since in some structures in the C.N.S. this method seems apparently not promising. I have no idea at present to inject has been work in case we obtain some results, since the project has been emerged from discussions with you and also it is concerned in part with the teleceptive impulses to the cerebellum.　I sincerely hope that you will give me your advice in the course of our study.

Another focus of my present interest is the convergence of corticocortical fibers to the cat suprasylvian sulcus, employing EM degeneration study as well. I hope that I will establish my study plan with new methods and that I can bring some of the findings of these when I come to Oslo.

Takako, Yoko and I, all Kawamura family, send best and kindest regards to Inger and you. Only Norwegian expression Yoko occasionally shows is “Nei”. She is fond of seeing pictures in Inger’s arm and in Oslo’s atmosphere in our album. Takako will write Inger and send interesting picture(s) soon.

With best wishes,
Yours sincerely,
Koki Kawamura
P.S. Allow me to write about inferior collicular paper in the next mail.

I-44

AB/G May 14th 1974


Professor Koki Kawamura, M.D.
Department of Anatomy
School of Medicine
Iwate Medical University
Morioka 020 Japan

Dear Koki,

Thank you for your letter of April 26th. I was nice to hear from you, and Inger recently also got a letter from Takako.

As to the reprints of the tectoreticular paper I have had far more requests than there were reprints. They still keep coming. I sent a bunch of some 40-50 cards to you recently. I wonder whether you could send me some copies of the tectopontine paper. Now and then there is a request, but I have no reprints left.

As to the work with peroxidase on the cerebellum I understand that we have planned to do approximately the same thing. Grethe Hoddevik is now well under way with the work and has operated some cats. I suppose I mentioned in my last letter that it is planned that her study of pontine projections to the visual cerebellar areas should be part of a more extensive project dealing with the entirety of possible routes for visual impulses to the cerebellum, also the route described recently by Makaewa and Simpson. Even if no harm is done if two people make parallel studies, it may to some extent mean a waste of time. In our material we will try to map more of the olivocerebellar, pontocerebellar and reticulocerebellar pathways with the new technique. It appears that the main problem will be to decide the area of the cerebellum which has taken up the peroxidase.

I wonder whether it would be worth while to try the peroxidase technique for studies of the cerebral associational connections. If so, this might mean a very good supplement to your previous studies. As far as I know the problem of spreading of the injected peroxidase to undesired places is much less in the cerebral than in the cerebeller cortex.

I am looking forward to hear about your final results of the inferior colliculus projection. ? Please give my best regards to Takako.

With best wishes,
Yours sincerely,
A.Brodal"

I-45

KK/yh June 13th, 1974

Professor Alf Brodal
Anatomical Institute
University of Oslo
Karl Johans gate 47
Oslo 1, Norway

Dear Alf,
Thank you very much for your letter of May 14th. Takako also received a kind letter from Inger and we are delighted to know that you are enjoying your happy life. We very often talk about you and your home with beautiful pictures, Takako regret that she cannot visit Oslo in January next because of little Yoko and of other thins but we do hope that we can spend nice time in Japan, possibly in Morioka, in the next summer --- period around the International Congress in Tokyo, 1975.

Thank for your suggestions for my working plan of using peroxidase. Considering the situation that I have not yet started the work with this new method, and as I agree with your reasonable advice I think it is clever for me to concentrate my primary interest to the study of corticocortical fiber connections. Only disinclination for this work is that it might turn out to be of meager results in case of corticocortical fibers than that of thalamocortical. It might be became of pattern of axonal terminations. I do think, however, try first!

I noted that you sent me a bunch of reprint-request cards for which I can answer O.K. if the cards is around 40. Of the tectopontine paper, eight copies left at my hand so I am sending you only 3 by separate mail, although I am afraid that they will help you much.

From April up to now, I have duty of lecture (two hours in a week) and teaching the dissection everyday except Saturday from 1 to 5pm. In September and October I will have, in one week, lectures of 4 hours and dissections of 3 days in the afternoon. I hope I can reduce my duties from next annual session. Layman have I been in the field of gross anatomy I certainly need great deal of energy for the preparation. But I think myself optimistic and I take this situation fortunate in view of my acquiring brood and concrete knowledge of human bodies. I always remind of your instructive advice, which you gave me on the first day in the Institute, that we must do gross anatomy and histology of entire body as well as neuroanatomy.
Please give my best regards to Inger. Takako and Yoko are fine and they also send kind regards to Inger and yourself.
With best wishes,
Yours sincerely,
Koki Kawamura, M.D.

I-46

KK/yk October 4th, 1974

Professor Alf Brodal
Anatomical Institute
University of Oslo
Karl Johns gate 47
Oslo 1, Norway

Dear Alf,

My busiest teaching schedule at last come to and end at the middle of this month. Dissection of brain starts from November but this does probably not need much effort. I think I can finish writing IC-pontine paper in November which, very sorry to say, took enormously long time before presenting this to you asking for your critical comments and kind corrections. One year has passed since we, Kawamura family, assembled in Morioka. I have devoted myself chiefly to education and I have made three text-books of Brain Manual (although in Japanese).

I am very much looking forward to having the wonderful meeting in honour of Dad Alf. In addition, I am extremely happy as I have got permission from Fred to stay in the Institute for about two weeks in January. I sincerely ask for your advice and discussions on my research plan.

Professor Masao Ito gave me a chance to do a speech on tecto-ponto-cerebellar projections at the Cerebellum-symposium which will be held in Japan immediately after the International Congress of Anatomists. He wishes Oslo members to join the symposium in order to make it successful, he says.

Perhaps I have not yet answered to you that I have sent out tectoreticular papers of all the request-cards you sent to me.

Please give my warmest regards to Inger.
With best wishes,
Koki Kawamura"

I-47

January 9, 1975
Dear Alf Brodal,

Please excuse me for absence of my letters from last fall. Main reason is that I could not finish writing “Inf. Collicular paper” which has just finished but need some further corrections (so I cannot send the copy of this paper to you now, which I wished to). In the meeting, I’ll present this work. I would like to ask a favor of you to look through this asking for your critical comment and corrections, after the symposium. With my new mind, I sincerely express my gratitude, inviting me to the symposium. I hope you are fine. Please take the best care of yourself. And Inger too. Takako and I always wish and pray of your good health.
Do you think you could kindly give me your permission to translate your text-book (Neurological Anatomy, 2nd Ed.)? If O.K., I am very happy, my students, who want to learn Neuroanatomy reading through your text book say that they will help me. It’s wonderful job to do, I think!
I feel my rapid, but sound, palpitation when I think of the wonderful symposium in honor of you.
Takako and I send our warm regards to Inger and you and I will bring Takako’s message to you.
I will stop for now. I will leave Morioka tomorrow morning. Good bye and seeing you.
Your student
Koki"

I-48

5 / March, ‘75
Dear Alf and Inger,

Thank you very much for your hospitality given to me in Oslo. Everything was wonderful for me in Sandefijold, and in Sandvika! Takako and Yoko express their thanks for beautiful gifts from you. She will write to Inger later.
I am very sorry that I could not write you earlier. Three days after coming home from Stockholm, I was taken cold (severe influenza) and had to stay in bed for more than a week. Takako and Yoko were suffered a little. And now started exam for students until 8th of March.
After that I will check again our findings of HRP-study, I think the results were nice in 5 cases, all horizontally cut, in which HRP was injected in various parts of lobules �Za and �Zb. Results of some other 2 cases, where injection was made in lobules �Y and �[, however, have turned out to be meager, because of poor perfusions (high-% of paraformaldehyde). So we are planning to repeat the some operations next week. We will send you our preparates of our cases together with the drawings as soon as finished rechecking (= examination) by air mail. My colleague, Hashikawa, is also very glad of the joint work ? I’m happy to say.
By telephone, I talked with Prof. Michio Okamoto whom I gave your best regards and he also backed to you the same, saying he will write you, and he gladly agreed and understood the translation of your Textbook (2nd ed.) by me and Okamoto asked me to contact first with Kinpodo press (publisher). Nest week I will have an answer from Kinpodo. I will keep you informed as soon as I get news.
Wonderful meeting in Sandefijold, who else but you can have such a splendid family-club, kind and instructive guidance in my collicular work, mother-like and father-like conversation, atmosphere, kind entertainment at your lovely home, all of these have given me NEW LIFE. Thank you so much!!
I think I have more to write. But I must be back home now.
Takako sends her warmest regards to Inger and Alf.
We hope to see you again. Best wishes,
Yours,
Koki"

I-49

March 23, 1975
Dear Koki,
Thank you for your letter of March 5. I am glad you enjoyed the stay in Sandefijold. For me it was, as you may imagine, a very nice event to see so many of my past and present collaborators gathered together. The pictures which Briger Kaada took are now ready and you will get these separately.
I am sorry that you have had the influenza. If it may comfort you, I can tell you that I also got it, fevers of 39 ? 40℃ for four days. But the worst of it was that it has taken several weeks to recuperate, and I still do not feel quite restored. It was rather strenuous to have the written and oral examination of 55 students in this condition. Also, now it is finished, and I expect more peaceful time after Easter. Inger had the influenza as well, but fortunately less severe, and now we are almost OK again.
I am indeed looking forward to see your cases with HRP injections in the lobules �ZA and B. I hope that these together with our own cases will give a satisfactory basis for a description. So you want that your collaborator, Hashikawa, should be a co-author?
By the way, we got the paper on the reticuloverticular projection book to shorter it. We added an acknowledgement of your participation in the first part of it. I am sorry that we did not think of this when we wrote the first draft of the paper.
I am glad to hear that Prof. Okamoto agreed to the translation as suggested, and I am looking forward to hear how matters proceed. I only hope that the translation will not cause you too much work. I may mention that it may be possible for kinpodo to borrow the originals for the illustrations from the Oxford University Press. I believe that it will not be possible to make good reproductions of the half-tone illustrations from the book, while the line drawings can probably be used from the book.
All is well here, although Inger Helene recently had a rather nasty mononucleosis, from which she is still recovering. They, as well as Per and Kari, are now in the mountains to enjoy the Easter holidays skiing.
We expect to have a more quiet time after Easter, and I hope it will be possible to proceed a little further with our HRP-material. There is enormously much to do in this field! In the end of May Inger and I are going to Paris because I am to be made a doctor honoris gausa at the University of Paris. Kari and Per will probably come with us and we hope that we will get some enjoyable days together there.
In the last weeks the weather has, for the first time this winter, been very good, clear and not too cold. Much of the snow has already gone away and we look forward to the spring and the gardening which follows it.
Please give Inger’s and my best wishes to Takako. With many kind regards, also from Inger.
Yours,
Alf"

I-50

April17, 1975
Dear Alf,

How glad I was to read your kind letter of March 23! Thank you very much. I am very sorry to hear that Inger and you and also Inger Helene have taken ill. I hope you are now completely recovered. I am extremely glad to hear that Inger and you will have enjoyable days with Per and Kari in Paris on the occasion of your memorable acception of doctor of honour at the University of Paris.
I am very grateful for you that you kindly thought of my tiny participation on the RF-VN-project. I learned much from you in this field through instructive discussions with you which enabled me probably to do some jobs in this field in future. I am very happy that I could help you in some operations and drawings.
Recently, I have got an answer from Kinpodo press that they, because of current had economical situations, can not venture to undertake the publication of translation (translated) book of big pages. So I must find other publisher, but this seems not easy, because the price of the translated book is estimated as 3 or 4 times as the original, they say. I think I must wait for some time.
We , with Hashikawa ? I strongly ask you to think of him as a co-author, he is able and has done a lot in his work −, are going to send you, by separate air mails, all the slides(=preparates) of our cases together with the drawings and a summary of our protocol of cases of HRP injection in lobules �Y, �Z and �[. As you will see we could obtain interesting, new results through these experimental study. This is particularly interesting and useful to consider with findings obtained from 3H-leucin and proline study which is now proceeding in our laboratory.　
There is quite a long distance between Norway and Japan. This is indeed an unfavorable element for joint works, as you mentioned before. But I sincerely ask you to give me discussions and your guidance through the co-works.
I would like to visit Oslo when it becomes necessary and had money of course…. I have always been thinking of this, when recently I got an information from Japan Society for the Promotion of Sciences. This is a grant for travel fees and staying expenses in connection with the international joint works. It may be difficult to obtain the grant but I think it is worth while applying for it (dead-line for this apply ?
preparation of necessary documents ? is 15th of May, 1975). 　


In applying this, it says, it is necessary to suffice, or fill, at least 3 conditions (=points):
1. Aim of the investigation is clear and concrete, and the study is highly expected to contribute to the development in the field.
2. Joint work of members of at least two countries.
3. Good and sufficient communication and connection exist, before hand, between coworkers of (at least) two countries, in addition, there is a paper of written agreement between the two representatives of the two groups, described about the outline (or summary-point) of the project-how to proceed and so on.
I think and I hope you agree that our project is suffice to fill the above conditions. In this connection, I enclose a formal letter (copy of this, I will submit to the Society), asking your favour to write me your formal agreement of the joint work concerning the project with description of the outline (please cp. Condition 1, 2, 3). I ask you sincerely. I am very grateful if I could have your kind answer before, say, 7 of May. With best wishes, and please give Takako’s and my warmest regards to Inger and you.
Yours,
Koki"

I-51

KK/yh
April 17, 1975
Professor Alf Brodal
Anatomical Institute
University of Oslo
Karl Johans gate 47
Oslo 1, Norway

Dear Professor Brodal,

Thank you very much for your kind advice and critical comments on my work given to me while I was staying in Oslo January ? February, 1975. I am extremely pleased and very grateful that you have considered me as a joint-worker under the theme of pontocerebellar projection. I our agreement, we planed to combine the results of HRP-study of the pontocerebellar pathways (to the folium and tuber vermis). For further steps, we schemed to continue the work in a cooperative way: you use mainly HRP method (for retrograde axonal flow), while we do mainly autoradiographical method (for anterograde axonal flow), and I strongly hoped to have a chance of meeting, when necessary and money for traveling is available. I am also planning to do the investigation of tectopontine projection by use of HRP. This is actually the continuation of our previous work, published in the Journal of comparative Neurology, 1973.
Under these circumstances, I am thinking of applying a grant to the “Japan Society for the Promotion of Sciences (Nihon Gakujutsu Shinkokai)” for travel fees and staying expenses in connection with the international joint-work projects. This grant can be continued for three years when it is very lucky.
In this connection, I would like to ask a favor of you to write and send me a written, formal agreement containing the outline of our project. Japan Society for the Promotion of Sciences demands me to present such a written paper.
If I could obtain a grant from the Society, I am very happy to visit you in Oslo to have a discussion asking your kind guidance which I am very much looking forward to.
With best wishes,
Koki Kawamura, M.D.

I-52

April 21st, 1975
AB/if

Professor Koki Kawamura,
Department of Anatomy,
Iwate Medical University,
Morioka 020, Japan

Dear Professor Kawamura,

I am glad to hear that you are interested in joining Grethe Hoddevik and me in the study of olivary and pontine afferents to the visual and acoustic areas of the cerebellum. I strongly believe that when we pull together your and our own experimental material with horseradish-peroxidase method, it will be possible to determine these projections in great detail, a point which will be of great interest for physiologists as well. It will be of great value to add to this studies with the autoradiographic tracing of the connections which you are at present undertaking.
It will, of course, meet with some practical problems to undertake this collaboration pr. letters. However, it is a great advantage that we have been working together previously for a long time on related projects when you stayed in our department. If you could obtain a grant to stay here for some months, or better half a year, when we are going to write up and finally discuss our findings, this would indeed be a great advantage.
To make it quite clear, I suggest that we concentrate in this work on the connections from the pons and the olive to the visual and acoustic areas of the cerebellum as studied with the horseradish-peroxidase method, and try to map the topography of these connections in great detail. It is certainly an advantage that your material is sectioned horizontally while our sections are in the transverse plane.

With kind regards
Yours sincerely,
A. Brodal
Professor of Anatomy"

I-53

April 21st 1975
AB/if

Professor Koki Kawamura,
Department of Anatomy,
Iwate Medical University,
Morioka 020 ? Japan

Dear Koki,
Thank you for your kind letter of April 17th and the photo.
It is, of course, a pity that Kinpodo does not venture a translation. Most likely other publishers will not be more enthusiastic!
I am indeed glad to hear that there may be a chance for you to obtain a grant for a study here. I enclose a formal letter to you confirming this. I believe that when you apply you should elaborate a little more on the particulars of the work, such as purpose: better insight into pathways for visual and acoustic impulses to the cerebellum; continuation of some of your earlier work; the fact that we use a new method, giving more information than previous methods; that we have started in Oslo as well as in Morioka independently, that preliminary results are promising etc.
As I mention in my formal letter to you, I think it is wise to concentrate on one subject only, and only mention that supplementary studies may be taken up when we have solved the first and immediate task: the connections from the pons and olive to the cerebellum. It is likely that the fund prefers a concrete and well delimited subject. You may also write a little about the technical difficulties, and the need for a large material.
We are at present laboring with an analysis of the method. There are some snags which have to be considered, but there is no doubt that the method can be used.
Grethe and I are eagerly awaiting the material which you will send us.
Please give Inger’s and my best regards to Takako.

Yours,
Alf"

I-54

May 1, 1975
Dear Alf,

Thank you very much for your kind letter of April 21st and the formal letter concerning the international joint-work program. I will write up the papers for the apply according to your kind suggestions. I hope it will be successful.
I hope by now you have got our materials together with the drawings. Mapping was done chiefly by Hashikawa and was confirmed by me. As we thought that this should be done as quickly as possible, we had to concentrate on the pontine gray proper. We did in some detail in the Nrt (except in the most dorsal portion). In the inferior olive we noticed that there is a patched area of positive neurons restricted only in the rostral portion of the IOMC of Berman’s, (’68) map, but not dotted in the drawing, as you will see. (We marked only sign of positive +.)
We are ready to check the findings in the Nrt and the inferior olive in more details, when the materials come back to us. Following your suggestions, we will concentrate in the work of projections from the pons and the olive to the cerebellum in connection with pathways for teleceptive impulses. I strongly ask your further guidance. Please give my best regards to Grethe.
Could you please teach me about some methodological “snags” written in your letter? I think the main problem of the HRP-study is how to decide the area of injected peroxidase. The decision of our demarcation is based on my discussion with E.G.Jones in St-Louis. I highly ask your opinion in this point.
How do you think the recent paper of P. Clarke (J. Physiol (Lond) 243 (1974) 267 ? 285) who found some degree of retinotopical Organization in the pigeon cerebellum? I want to do little survey on this point.
Thank you again for your formal letter for application. I’ll keep you informed how matters proceed.
Please give my kind regards to Inger and I hope you will have a nice rip to Paris. Takako sends her warmest greetings to Inger and yourself.

Yours,
Koki

P.S. Please forgive me my bad writing ? I mean for not rewriting.

I-55

May 5th 1975
AB/if

Professor Koki Kawamura,
Dep. Of Anatomy,
Iwate Med. University,
Morioka 020
Japan

Dear Koki
Thank you for your letter of May 1st. The sections and drawings of your cases which you sent us arrived safely some days ago, but we have not yet had time to study them. We are at present busy with completing the paper on the olivary projection to the paramedian lobule and another one on the usefulness of the peroxidase-method for the study of the olivocerebellar connections. When I spoke of methodological “snags” in my previous letter I thought of the things we are discussing in that paper, mainly the problems on the injection site.
It would be nice if you will get the funds to stay here for some time again, but presumably it will take some time before this is decided.
I am a little bewildered from your letter concerning our common project. As I told you before, when we started on the projections to the vermis it was with the idea that Grethe could use this as part of the material which she is to present for obtaining her doctor’s degree. For this she will need several papers, centered around a particular theme, and we thought of a mapping of the afferent connections to the functionally determined visual areas of the cerebellum. In keeping with this she has now also done some experiments on the paraflocculus and flocculus in the rabbit, because these lobules are more accessible in the rabbit than in the cat.
Some of the papers which one submits for the degree may be written together with others, some should be the sole enterprise of the prospective doctor medicinae.
I think we have to make it entirely clear from the start how we are to arrange our cooperation. I have got the impression, perhaps erroneously, that you were primarily interested in the pontine projection and that the olivary was of secondary interest only.
As to the former we have now about 10 cases here + yours 5, that makes 15. It may well be that it will turn out that we need some supplementary cases too. In practice the procedure must be that we try here to put the information of all cases together, prepare illustrations and legends and write up the paper. This then will go to you for your comments and possible suggestions for changes. As you well know, not least the writing up of a paper is a rather heavy job, and the most demanding part of the work. Under these circumstances I would suggest that Grethe will stand as the first author, i.e. it will be: Hoddevik, Kawamura, Hashikawa and Brodal. (Fred is not very much interested in being in on this paper). I would be grateful to know if you consider this a satisfactory arrangement? I may perhaps add that Grethe feels that my name should appear as the second, but this does not mean much to me.
As to the olive, we have already mapped in fairly great detail the projections to lobules �Y, �Z, and �[ and the results are rather clear. I do not know how keen you are to tackle this part of the projection further. I might say that we have here some years experience with the olive, and not least from our present study of the projection to the paramedian lobule. Our findings are so far advanced that we expect to get this finished probably this spring. This was planned to be a paper by Haddevik, Brodal and Walberg.
It would, if you have no objections, be a practical arrangement that we go on with the olive and that if you agree we include observations on your material, indicating of course in the text, that cases no. so and so were operated on and prepared by you. Then you need not think of the olivary projections for a while. If you do not think this is a satisfactory solution, there might be two separate papers, one by us based on transverse sections, and one by you on horizontal sections. I would be grateful to hear from you concerning your view on the problems. As I understood, you have plenty of other projects under work and would not be unemployed!
Please give Inger’s and my best regards to Takako! With best wishes

Yours
Alf