I-56

KK/th
Professor Alf Brodal
Anatomical Institute
University of Oslo
Karl Johans gate 47
Oslo 1, Norway May 22nd, 1975

Dear Alf,
Thank you very much for your letter of May 5th which I just received. Cause of delay is probably due to the strike in the mail system which rarely happen here. I submitted the papers to the Japan Society for the Promotion of Sciences for travel and staying grant, written in Japanese. I hope it will be successful, and I will keep you informed concerning this. I am very much obliged to you for writing me a formal letter and for giving me many useful suggestions.

I remember well about our talks on the joint project. As for the pontocerebeller projection we, Hashikawa and I, are agree that Grethe stands as the first author and we also find it appropriate that you should be the second. Regarding to the olivocerebellar system, we are happy and do hope that the paper will be completed by you including observations on our materials. It is of course satisfactory for us. Please use them. In this connection, I would like to ask a favor of you to send me copies of the manuscripts of 1) olivocerebellar paper and 2) another paper of methodological problems of HRP study. We are faced with the problem on the injection sites and are very much eager to learn this from your papers!!

Reason why I hoped, in my previous letter of May 1st, to join the work of the olivocerebellar projection is that, I might say, I misunderstood from your letters of April 21st where you mentioned about the connections from the pons and the olive to the cerebellum. I understand now that we will concern with pathways of teleceptive impulses to the cerebellum involving the pons (and possibly the Nrt). I will send you in the next mail the abstract of our preliminary work to be presented in the coming International Congress.

Quite recently, we obtained beautiful data to show that origin of cells in the cerebral cortex and in the superior colliculus giving off axons to the pons and probably to some parts of the RF; they are located almost exclusively in layer ‡X and mostly in the middle gray layer, respectively. These are now pursued in our laboratory.
Please give my kindest regards to Inger! Hashikawa sends his sincere gratitude to you. With best wishes,

Yours,
Koki
@


I-57

14, June, 1975
Dear Alf,

Paper-test of our joint-program will be done before August and I am very much looking forward to the successful outcome. Arrangements for the coming anatomical congress is proceeding in Tokyo and Kyoto. We miss you very much, because you will not come. As I informed you in my previous letter, some months ago, I was invited by Dr. Niimi, to the postrogress (section of visual system) in Kyoto to present data on the tecto-ponto-cerebellar pathways and I decided to accept this. Abstract of this presentation I enclose herewith together with others (IC-pons study; pons-cerebellum study, we will present data based on leucin-method, mainly).
Not nicely written, but time did not permit me to show these abstracts beforehand to you that I had wished.
I am eager to see you again in Oslo in near future! Please give Takakofs and my kindest regards to Inger!

Best wishes from
Koki
Enclosure: 3
@


I-58

June 19th, 1975
Dear K. Kawamura
Department of Anatomy
School of Medicine
Iwate Medical University
Morioka 020
Japan

Dear Koki,

Thank you for your recent letters and the enclosed abstracts of the work you are to present at the Congress and the following meeting. I suppose your presentations will be received with great interest.

I am sending you today under separate cover a copy of our paper on the HRP method as applied to the olivocerebellar projection. We are sending it to Exp. Brain Research, but do, of course, not know if Szentagothai will accept it.@So please do not quote its publishing place before we know this.

Grethe is working on the further mapping of our cases in the pons and olive. As far as we can see at present, our results correspond very well with yours. She is at present on her summer vacation, and later on I will be away in Tuddal for some 4 weeks, so perhaps in September we may have something ready.

It would indeed be nice if your application for a stay here will be granted. If so, we will have to decide upon the most favourable time for your visit. As to myself I will be free from teaching until the end of November.

With all good wishes for a successful participation in the Congress and with best wishes from Inger and myself to you and Takako (and Yoko!),

Yours,
Alf
A. Brodal
@


I-59

July 1sr, 1975
Dear Alf,
I am very grateful that you sent us a copy of your superb work on HRP method. I appreciate how wonderfully you have elaborated the serious problem of HRP spreading, crucial point of this kind of works, and we can learn much from your work. Thank you so much! We have tried for a preliminary study on the cortico-cortical fiber connections with the use of HRP. In contrast to the beautiful picture in the thalamus, neurons giving off association fibers are labeled with less quality, a little letter? of commissural neurons. I hope, however, we can improve this. A recent paper of S.P. Wise (Brian Res, 90(1975) 139 ? 142) encourages us, although he does not demonstrate cells of origin of association fibers. Please give my best regards and thanks to Fred and Grethe.
Takako and I and Yoko do hope that Inger and you will spend nice days in Tuddal. Takako is extremely delighted with the possibility of visiting you in Oslo again. I will of course inform you as soon as I got the results. We send our warmest greetings to you and Inger.
I believe we can quote the publishing place of your paper when we write up a paper.
With best wishes,
Yours,
Koki
@


I-60

August 12, 1975
Dear Alf,
With Takako and Yoko, I have been on vacation for some days in the mountain to bath in the hot spring. Back to Morioka, I am now occupied with the preparation for the Congress.
gJapan Society for the Promotion of Sciencesh informed me that I passed the first paper test. 35 applications remained from more than one hundred. A member of the Society told me by phone that further 5 ? 10 cases will be dropped (unsuccessful) because of bad economical situations. It depends upon the amount of budget for the Science in the next year. And few applicants are successful at the first time. I am just waiting and hoping for the successful news.
We are very glad to know hat the results of HRP correspond very well with each other. Could you please suggest me what we should do in this joint work? On studies of the pontocerebellar projections, we have several cases in addition of amino acid injections in various parts of the pons and we expect to see the results in October, but no additional cases of HRP-operation.
In the middle of September, I will go to Munich and Gottingen for 2 weeks and in Gottingen I will present my data on gAssociation fibers in the cat with particular reference to the cortex of the middle suprasylviem sulcush (I enclose a copy of this). On this occasion I wanted to take days visiting Oslo, but could not. Because my behavior and days are restricted as I had to take a charter-plane. Do you come to Gottingen?
Coming back from Gottingen, I will devote myself on works of pontocerebellar proj. both HRP and amino acids.
We are very much looking forward to seeing Fred.
All the best from Takako and Yoko and myself to you and Inger,

Yours,
Koki @
Enclosure: 1
@


I-61

KK/yk Oct 17, 1975
Professor Alf Brodal
Anatomical Institute
University of Oslo
Karl Johans Gate 47
Oslo 1, Norway

Dear Alf,

It is mid-autumn here and we will spend this week-end in the mountains. Three of us are fine.

I hope you have got my recent reprints and photo-copies of our figures of KH 2 and 9 (amino-acid study) and KEN 5 and 14 (HRP study). When you think the figures of HRP study can be used for publication of our joint paper, please tell me to send the originals to you. We will do it by air mail.

Coming back from Gottingen, I am now writing a short paper of association fiber that I presented in the Neurobialogy meeting. We hope we can show you more detailed organization of the tecto-ponto-cellebellar pathways within a few months. I sincerely ask you to read our draft and manuscript when we write up. I always feel very happy that through your instructions and advices, I can enjoy my research works.

I ask you to send me the reprints of the reticulovestibular connections (Brian Res. 94 and of the HRP-methodology Exp Brain Res.) when they come out.

I have no further information from gJapan Society for the Promotion of Sciencesh after August 12 (my last letter to you). When Fred came here, we talked about this. I will keep you informed about this.

Please give my warmest regards to Inger.
With best wishes,
From
Koki
(Koki Kawamura)
@


I-62

AB/G October 29th, 1975

Professor Koki Kawamura
Department of Anatomy
School of Medicine
Iwate Medical University
Morioka 020
Japan

Dear Koki,

Thank you for your letter of October 17th and for the reprints and photographs. Especially I would like to thank you for your writing a note on the Sandefjord Symposium in a Japanese Journal. Of course, I cannot read it (a translation would be welcome), but from the names mentioned I can get at least some ideas about the contexts.

The paper on the HRP-method is not yet ready. We received it back from John Szentagothai and are at present preparing a shortened version. The paper on the reticulovestibular projection has appeared. It is sent separately together with two cards asking for reprints. I don not think I have received one yet.

Grethe, Fred and I are now about to write up the final manuscript on the olivary projections to lobules ‡Y, ‡Z and ‡[. We have now a quite satisfactory material, and we believe that the main points have been clarified. I enclose a sketch of the projection which will show the results. As you will see only labeled cells occur in the medial accessory olive. We have gone through your series of HRP-injections in these lobules. The findings in the medial accessory olive are in agreement with those in our own material. Since in the olive topographical localization is easier with transverse than with horizontal sections, we have selected for illustration the most convincing ones of our transversely cut cases. We notice that in several of your cases there is spreading of the fluid outside the vermis proper, in some to the fastigial nucleus. This may be a source of error. We have one case with injection in the fastigial nucleus, which shows labeling (as might perhaps be expected!) in that area of the medial accessory olive which projects onto lobules ‡Y|‡[. We have decided, therefore, to mention your cases as supporting evidence for our findings, but not to use them for documentation, but we will acknowledge that you have put them at our disposal.

I suppose your material will be more decisive with regard to the pontocerebellar projection, where the rostrocaudal extension of the columns of labeled cells in the pons in transverse sections is less certain than in horizontal ones. Grethe is at present putting together the observations in the pons. As we agreed upon that paper should be a joint one with you and your Japanese colleague. I suppose you may by now have further HRP material one the pontocerebellar projection. A correlation with your leucine studies will certainly also be of great value. It would indeed be very fine if you get your fellowship and could come to stay here for some time when we are to complete that report. Are there any news about this?

It is always so that to write a paper (and make the proper observations) takes more time than one anticipates when one starts. We will write you when we have proceeded a little further with the ponto-cerebellar problem.

All is well with us here. We have so far had a very pleasant and mild fall and hope it will last!

Best regards to you, Takako and Yoko, also from Inger,

Yours sincerely,
Alf
A. Brodal
@


I-63

KK/yk November 19, 1975

Professor Alf Brodal
Anatomical Institute
University of Oslo
Karl Johans gt. 47
Oslo 1, Norway

Dear Alf,

Thank you for your kind letter of October 29th. I am so glad to know that you are pleased with my Japanese reprint. I hope I could have a time for a translation.
I understand how your researches are successfully going on. I have a strong feeling to fly to Oslo, asking discussions of the findings under the microscope as I was two years ago in Oslo. Decisive, good news from the committee have not arrived to me. I am a little frustrated to have heard from the Chief Director that it depends upon the budget of the next fiscal year. I had a comfortable talk with him this August. This Fred knows. Now, judging from the present situations I feel that it may give him a nice feeling and further good influence if he could receive a letter from you. Could you please give me a favour to send him a letter containing the value of the work and the necessities of the joint work, and additionally I ask you so impudent as to sketch me simply gniceh. I hope that you could have a time to discuss about this with Fred, because he suggested me in Tokyo to write him or to you about this problem when I felt necessary.
Below is the address of the director:
Dr. Kiyoshi Okano
Chief Director of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
Yamato Building
5-3-1 K?jimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102 Japan

I am writing a draft of gtecto-ponto cerebello-tectal looph. And our experiments have been mainly focused upon the amino acids, as well as HRP, injections onto the pons. So, we, at present, have no additional cases of HRP injections onto the cerebellum. We appreciate very much if you could kindly give us your suggestions or opinions what kind of HRP experiments in the cerebellum (making horizontal sections) are needed for our joint work.
Please give my best regards to Grethe, and Takakof Yoko and I send kindest greetings to Inger and to yourself.

With best wishes,
Yours,
Koki ( Koki Kawamura)
@


I-64

AB/G November 28th, 1975

Professor Koki Kawamura
Department of Anatomy
School of Medicine
Iwate Medical University
Morioka 020 Japan

Dear Koki,

Thank you for your letter of November 19th.

I am glad to hear that you are progressing with your studies on the pontocerebellar projection with radioactively labeled aminoacids. Presumably the main problem will be to avoid spreading of the injected fluid within the pontine gray, and a correlation with results with the HRP-method. We are now just about to finish the paper on the olivary projections to lobules ‡Y|‡[Aand we will send you a copy of the manuscript when it is completed. Then Grethe will go ahead at full speed with the pontine projections to the same lobules. I suppose the material we have now (our transverse and your horizontal series) will be sufficient for the purpose. Probably in some weeksf time we will know if further cases are necessary. It would indeed be nice if you could be here when we are to put all things together, and we hope for the best.

I have written a letter to Dr. Okano, as you suggest. I enclose a copy. I hope he will not consider this as an unproper intervention. It is with some hesitation I have written this letter, but I hope it will be of use, and that we may see you and possibly also your girls here in the near future.

With best wishes to you, Takako and Yoko from Inger and

Yours,
Alf
A. Brodal
@


I-65

AB/G November 28th, 1975

Dr. Kiyoshi Okano
Chief Director of
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
Yamato Building
5-3-1 Kojimachi
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102
Japan

Dear Dr. Okano,

I have learnt from my former pupil and collaborator, Dr. Koki Kawamura, that he has applied for a grant from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science in order to be able to spend some time in our department. We have embarked on a common project of an experimental study of the pontocerebellar connections by means of the recently developed method of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. Dr. Kawamura has undertaken some experiments, and we likewise have a rather large material of cases available for a study of this problem.

It would be a great advantage to be able to work jointly in the same place when we are putting our findings together in a paper. It would further be of value to compare our mutual experiences with the new method. In addition Dr. Kawamura would have the opportunity during his stay to get acquainted with other research work in neuroanatomy that is going on in our department.

I consider Dr. Kawamura to be a very promising neuroanatomist, who will probably soon be counted as one of the leading scientists in that field in his country. He is a very active and industrious worker, eager to use the new very promising methods available today in neuroanatomy on important research problems. He has already published many careful and interesting studies in his field.

I have no doubt that he is worthy of a grant, and that for his further development it will be of great value for him to be able to spend some months in our department. I have no hesitation to give his application my warmest recommendation.

Yours sincerely,

A. Brodal, M.D.
Professor of Anatomy
@


I-66

KK/yk December 13, 1975

Professor Alf Brodal
Anatomical Institute
University of Oslo
Karl Johans gate 47
Oslo 1, Norway

Dear Alf,

Thank you for your letter of November 28th and your kind letter of recommendation to Dr. Okano for which I am very much obliged to you. The part on my sketch is too much for me. I hope my stay in Oslo will be realized and I never fail to let you know as soon as I get further information. Also I am grateful for your acknowledgement for my tiny collaboration in the RF-VN work.

Today, I am writing this with my sincere hope that you could come to Morioka in the beginning (2nd ? 4th) of April, 1977 to give us a lecture in the 20th Annual Meeting of Japanese Association of Anatomists. I have been appointed to be Vice-president of the meeting and I am certainly honoured and appreciate very much if you could accept our invitation. We are pleasure to cover the cost of your accommodation together with the travel expenses between Oslo and Morioka.
Although we are unable to cover the travel fees (between two countries) for Inger, all Kawamura family are dreaming the possibility of spending nice time together in my private home and in some places in my home country. All Japanese anatomists are looking forward to your positive answer!
With best wishes and warmest greetings to Inger and to yourself,

From Takako, Yoko and Koki
(Koki Kawamura)
@


I-67

Dec.18th 1975
Dear Koki,

Thank you for your kind Xfmas letter, which I received before I had got down to write my own Xfmas letters. We hope that my letter to Dr. Okano may help to get you the fellowship for an Oslo visit.
It is indeed kind of you to invite me to the meeting of Japanese Anatomists in Morioka in April 1977. It would, of course, be extremely nice if Inger and I could be together with you and Takako for some days and if my travel is paid by the meeting, I could afford to pay Ingerfs fare. Further, it is far more tempting than to go to an international congress, and I think we would stand the long journey if we arrived a few days before the meeting. My only hesitation comes from the feet that there is still about one and 1/4 year until April 1977, and it is impossible to know how my health is at that time (if I am indeed not finished!) This is not pessimism but realistic thinking!
Could we say provisionally that I accept your kind invitation on the condition that Inger and I at that time are in a shape to permit us to go? And that we return to the final decision later? If I should be unable to come perhaps Fred or Eric could be a substitute?
This letter, otherwise is meant to be a traditional (Christmas and) New Year letter, to wish you, Takako and Yoko all happiness in the coming year!
As to ourselves all is well, including children, and grandchildren. I will retire from active duty in the early months of 1976, and looking forward to be free from teaching and faculty business. I suppose in the coming year we will have enough to do with the HRP method and cerebellar efferents. Grethe wrote you recently about the pontocerebellar work, and Fred and I are now about to complete the study of olivary efferents to the anterior lobe. It seems that this part of the projection is for more complex than any of the regions we have tackled so far. But it is indeed exciting!
With all good wishes for Takako, Yoko and yourself.

Yours,
Inger and Alf

How nice it would be to see you all again. You are all so dear to us and so good friends. Yours, Inger
@


I-68

KK/yk January 23, 1976

Professor Alf Brodal
Anatomical Institute
University of Oslo
Karl Johans gate 47
Oslo 1, Norway

Dear Alf,

Thank you again for your kind Christmas letter for which I promptly replied and expressed my gratitude in my second New Year card to you. As I may have written, I fully understand and agree what you said in your letter that you would kindly come to Morioka with Inger in condition that you will be healthy in the next spring. We do hope so. We are all extremely glad to hear this and personally I am very much grateful and certainly honoured.
Thank you so much sending me the fine manuscript of olivocerebellar projectioni‡Vjwith HRP method for which I thanked Grethe in my X-mas letter to her. This helps me much. Please give my best regards and appreciation to her and Fred.
In our laboratory, studies of indentification of the cells of origin of the tectopontine projection (HRP) and the organization of the pontocerebellar pathways (RA) are at present in progress. It is my pleasure to show you by copies of figures (cats KH 2, KH 9, KH 18) the present results of our autoradiographical works, sending you by a separate mail. Two of these; figures of cats KH 2 and KH 9, I have sent to you previously, but we found afterwards a mistake concerning the position of the fissula secunda and slight changes of terminal densities were made. In the present new figures they are corrected. Therefore I ask you to throw out the previous ones! As you will see, there is a descrete dense projection to the rostral portion of the uvula from the lateral pontine nucleus (see figure cat KH 9) and slight one from the dorsolateral nucleus (see KH 2) as well. And massive mossy fiber endings are found in the paramedian lobule in cases of cats KH 9 (from N.1.) and KH 18 (from the rostrodorsal peduncular and paramedian).
In this connection, I would like to ask a favour of you as to kindly send me, if possible, the other two manuscripts: projections to the paramedian lobule (‡T) and to the uvula (‡U) from inferior olive. For me, it is just like to have a direct guidance from you in Oslo, which I am eager to do and I hope that I will hear soon the final decision from the Japanese Promotion of Sciences.
With my best wishes to you and Inger, also from Takako.

Yours,
Koki (Koki Kawamura)
@


I-69

KK/yk March 5, 1976

Professor Alf Brodal
Anatomical Institute
University of Oslo
Karl Johans gate 47
Oslo 1, Norway


Dear Alf,

I regret to inform you that I received a negative answer from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Sciences concerning the grant of International Joint-work programme in 1976. (Our fiscal year starts from April, as you may know.) I knew that I was the tenth of some 80 applicants, and that 8 projects got grants. Chief of the Society suggested me to do the application of 1977 (due date is 15th of May, 1976), since, he says, it is likely that I will obtain the grant next time, so I am planning to submit necessary papers again. I ask you and do hope that you will agree. I will write you a formal letter later.
I am deeply disappointed that I failed. However, there is now another possibility of obtaining money from our university. This was suggested by our Dean a few days ago. Of course, I never fail to write you when this to become more concrete and clear. My soul, if I had, is flying to Oslo.
With my best wishes and kind regards to Inger and you.

Yours
Koki
(Koki Kawamura)
@


I-70

KK/yk March 27th, 1976

Professor Alf Brodal
Anatomical Institute
University of Oslo
Karl Johans gate 47
Oslo 1, Norway

Dear Alf,

I apologize that it took some time before I write a formal letter after I have written my previous letter of March 5th. Main reason of the delay is that I have to think out the style of writing. There are several seasons that I had to think of the tactics: 1)Our HRP study of the pontocerebellar projection is now so advanced that it will not be necessary to do gpracticalh discussion in later than April of 1977. 2) I was told that one member of the fellowship committee opposed to my application, expressing his opinion that this is not a joint-work of equal stand (or quality) but a kind of guidance-work, as he judged from our formal letters of last April (1975). He actually hit the point. 3) Contents of letters should be concrete and aims of the investigation should be clear and the results of the work can be expected of great contribution for further development in its field in particular.
I hope that you will understand me why I wrote in such a style in my formal letter. I strongly feel that I can promote this kind of my research work through discussions with you, Fred and Grethe. I ask you that you will accept my request and giving me your kind agreement concerning the gjointh work.
Although it is not completely evident, it is quite likely that Dean of my university will permit me going to Oslo this summer (possibly from the end of June for at least one month). I would like to ask you if you could accept me in that season of the year.
I appreciate very much if I could receive your letter before the end of April.

With my best wishes,

Yours,
Koki
(Koki Kawamura, M.D.)
@


I-71

KK/yk
Professor Alf Brodal March 27th, 1976
Anatomical Institute
University of Oslo
Karl Johans gate 47
Oslo 1, Norway


Dear Professor Brodal,

As I have written previously, I regret that I was not able to get the grant of International Joint-work programme of this year from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Sciences. As for the joint work or cell bodies of origin of the pontocerebellar pathways (HRP-study), we have exchanged our materials together with the date and useful discussions have been made. The results corresponds very well with each other and we are in good agreement, leaving some points which we felt necessities of face-to- face discussion.
As present, studies of the pontocerebellar projection by use of autoradiographical method are in progress in our laboratory with my coworker Hashikawa and some interesting results have been accumulating, as we have kept you and Dr. Hoddevik informed. As you will see, it has become more evident that a particular portion of the pons has its main projection to the particular portions of the cerebellum, with specific patterns of distribution, hence a correlation of the autoradiographical study with the work of HRP is of great value.
Series of works of the olivocerebellar projections in your laboratory are certainly excellent. It would be nice if I get my fellowship and could come to stay in Oslo for discussions of the cerebellar afferents, with particular reference to the pathways for the teleceptive impulses, because we have some definite date of tectopontine pathways obtained by the HRP method. Cell bodies of origin of this projection have been identified in tectal layers deeper than the optic stratum (including this layer). I think that no workers are tackling this kind of detailed anatomical works, in order to clarify the optic and acoustic mechanisms of the cerebellum, as far as I know.
This is so to speak a formal letter asking anew your kind agreement with the joint-work programme in years to come concerning the pathways for the teleceptive impulses to the cerebellum.
With kind regards,
Yours sincerely,
Koki Kawamura, M.D.
Professor of Anatomy
@


I-72

AB/eg March 22nd, 1976

Professor Koki Kawamura
Department of Anatomy
School of Medicine
Iwate Medical University
Morioka 020, Japan

Dear Koki,

I am sorry to learn that you did not get the grant for coming to Oslo. In case you get money from your University, everything will probably be fine, and we would see you here in the near future. If not, I think, as you suggest, that you should apply for next yearsf grant.

You may now have received the first draft of our projected joint paper on the pontine projection to lobules ‡Y- ‡[, which Grethe sent you. In the meantime we have almost finished the illustrations and are at present working on writing up the Discussion. We will send you copies as soon as they are ready and are interested in hearing your comments.

Otherwise we (Fred and I) are almost finished with a study of the olivocerebellar projection to the anterior lobe, as a continuation of our previous studies of the projections to the paramedian lobule (reprint sent separately!), the uvula and lobules
‡Y|‡[. Other partial studies on afferents to the cerebellum are also under way.

It would indeed be nice to see you, Takako and Yoko here again, even if our joint pontocerebellar work will be finished before then.

Inger send her kindest regards as do Fred and Grethe

Yours
Alf
A.Brodal

We just received your letter. Grethe will write you.@@
@


I-73

KK/yk
Professor Alf Brodal March 27th, 1976
Anatomical Institute
University of Oslo
Karl Johans gate 47
Oslo 1, Norway

Dear Professor Brodal,

As I have written previously, I regret that I was not able to get the grant of International Joint-work programme of this year from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Sciences. As for the joint work of cell bodies of origin of the pontocerebellar pathways (HRP-study), we have exchanged our materials together with the date and useful discussions have been made. The results corresponds very well with each other and we are in good agreement, leaving some points which we felt necessities of face-to- face discussion.
As present, studies of the pontocerebellar projection by use of autoradiographical method are in progress in our laboratory with my coworker Hashikawa and some interesting results have been accumulating, as we have kept you and Dr. Hoddevik informed. As you will see, it has become more evident that a particular portion of the pons has its main projection to the particular portions of the cerebellum, with specific patterns of distribution, hence a correlation of the autoradiographical study with the work of HRP is of great value.
Series of works of the olivocerebellar projections in your laboratory are certainly excellent. It would be nice if I get my fellowship and could come to stay in Oslo for discussions of the cerebellar afferents, with particular reference to the pathways for the teleceptive impulses, because we have some definite date of tectopontine pathways obtained by the HRP method. Cell bodies of origin of this projection have been identified in tectal layers deeper than the optic stratum (including this layer). I think that no workers are tackling this kind of detailed anatomical works, in order to clarify the optic and acoustic mechanisms of the cerebellum, as far as I know.
This is so to speak a formal letter asking anew your kind agreement with the joint-work programme in years to come concerning the pathways for the teleceptive impulses to the cerebellum.
With kind regards,
Yours sincerely,
Koki Kawamura, M.D.
Professor of Anatomy
@


I-74

KK/yk
Professor Alf Brodal March 31, 1976
Anatomical Institute
University of Oslo
Karl Johans gate 47
Oslo 1, Norway


Dear Alf,

Thank you so much for your kind letter of March 22nd, and for the three reprints you sent to me separately. The paper of the gwriting patternsh of the brain impressed me in particular from which I learned anew how I should face with the Nature as a sincere scientist. I am always very grateful for your instructive guidance and discussions particularly through the exchange of data and comments of the present joint work of the pontocerebellar projection. I would bring with me, possibly in this July, the results of the tectopontine (HRP) and the pontocerebellar (ARG) works and some interesting results of the corticocortical fibers (HRP). I would very much appreciate your kind comments and discussions.
I would like to ask the following point, if I could get your kind agreement, in order to obtain the fellowship. That is, could you please do not mention in your formal letter that our HRP study of the pontocerebellar projection is about to finish, and please mention that further (detailed) investigations are needed, for example, from the Nrt (?) as well as the two studies I mentioned: the tectopontine (HRP) and the pontocerebellar (ARG). Please forgive me that I ask you too much.
We are very much looking forward to your coming in the next Spring (2 ? 4th of April) in the occasion of the meeting of Japanese Anatomists in Morioka. It would of course be very nice if Inger and you arrived a few days before the meeting as you suggested in your Christmas letter of December 18th, 1975. Takako is extremely glad to hear this.
With my best wishes and please give my best regards to Fred and Grethe. Takako, Yoko and I send our warmest greetings to Inger and to yourself.

Yours,


(Koki Kawamura)
@


I-75

AB/eg April 6th, 1976

Professor Koki Kawamura
Department of Anatomy
School of Medicine
Iwate Medical University
Morioka 020, Japan


Dear Koki,

Your recent letters and the need for a renewed recommendation for your application for a research grant has indeed caused me some headache. I understand that it is important that our work should be a collaboration in the proper sence, and not a gteacher-pupilh affair. I hope the enclosed letters will be clear on this point and that they will serve the purpose. It would indeed be nice to have you in our lab again for some time.

In a few days we are sending you the draft of the discussion of our joint paper and the illustrations. Will you please read it carefully and let us have your opinion soon as possible. We thought of submitting it to Brain Research, so it needs to be altered as concerns references etc. Would you also let me know how many reprints you would like me to order for you, so that I know this when the proofs arrive (in case the paper is accepted!).

I stop here, having written several pages now, with Ingers and my wishes for Takako, Yoko and yourself


Yours sincerely
Alf
A. Brodal
P.S.
It would be nice if you get a grant for a short stay in Oslo this summer.
However, July is a very bad month, since almost everybody is on vacation.
Could June be used?
@


I-76

AB/eg April 6th, 1976

Professor Koki Kawamura
Department of Anatomy
School of Medicine
Iwate Medical University
Morioka 020, JAPAN


Dear Professor Kawamura,

In reply to your letter of March 27th I am glad to hear that you are filing a renewed application for a grant from to Japan Society for the Promotion of Sciences. I have been impressed with what you have done recently, particularly in your studies with the use of radioactive amino acids. I suppose you will continue with these, as well as with the horseradish peroxidase method.

As you will know we are at present studying the ponto ? and olivocerebellar projections bit by bit. So far the projection to only three cerebellar subdivisions are finished, but we are continuing this work. We have recently managed to obtain equipment for making micro-injections of horseradish peroxidase and tritiated amino acids. Before that method can be used profitably we will, however, need a coarse mapping by means of the current methods. This work would take some time. I would think, therefore, that if you go on particularly with the radioautographic method and we particularly with the horseradish peroxidase method we will in about a years time both have enough data on the visuo-and acoustic cerebellar projections to proceed further with microinjections. It would be a great advantage if you at that time could spend 1/2 or 1 year in our department, in order that we could collaborate intimately on these difficult problems, and I hope you will obtain a grant.


With kind regards
Yours sincerely

A. Brodal

<Continued to the next page>

AB/eg April 7th, 1976

Dr. Kiyoshi Okano
Chief Director of
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
Yamato Building
5-3-1 Kojimachi
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102
JAPAN


Dear Dr. Okano

I have learnt from Professor Koki Kawamura that he is applying for a grant from your Society to enable him to spend some time in our department. I would like to recommend his application warmly and take pleasure in giving a brief account of our projected collaboration.

In the past two years or so Professor Kawamura and we in our department have been working with experimental studies on the pathways for the transmission of visual and acoustic impulses to the cerebellum.
One part of this work concerns studies of the last link of the pathways, those from the inferior olive and the pontine nuclei to the cerebellum. Another part consists in studying the pathways from the cerebral cortex and regions in the brain stem concerned with vision and audition to the pons and olive.

In the last few years two new methods have become available for studies of this kind, namely (1) tracing of the anterograde transport in axons by way of infecting radioactive amino acids at the site of origin of the fibers, and (2) tracing the retrograde transport in axons by way of injecting horseradish peroxidase (HRP) at the site of termination of fibers. With these methods it is possible to obtain far more precise information of the sites of termination (1) as well as the sites of origin (2) of fibers connections. The two methods supplement each other.

In the course of the last year we have in our department concentrated upon studies with the horseradish peroxidase method for mapping of parts of the olivocerebellar and pontocerebellar connections, while Professor Kawamura has concentrated on studies with autoradiography of the same connections as well as of descending connections to the pons, particularly from the superior colliculus. In both departments this research has brought forward new and more detailed information than could be achieved by the use of classical methods (degeneration studies). We have been in frequent contact by correspondence all the time, but needless to say this is a rather unsatisfactory way of collaboration.

With both methods the main problem turns out to be to obtain sufficiently small and localized injections of the substance. Both horseradish peroxidase and radioactive amino-acids tend to diffuse more widely than wanted. We have now got the equipment for making micro-injections, by which it will be possible to achieve very small areas labeled by the injection. However, in order to use this procedure which will show only a small amount of fibers or cells, it is necessary to have first a map of the major feature of the connections, as we can achieve with the present methods. When studies of this kind as concerns our project are completed in Morioka and Oslo, time will be ripe for a study of details with micro-injections. There is still much to do, and presumably it will take another year before we can fruitfully use micro-injections. Since Professor Kawamura has considerable experience with the radioautographic method, it might be expected that we jointly would be able to tackle the finest details in the organization of the pathways in which we are both interested. I may add that for a proper understanding of the physiology of the nervous system it turns out to be necessary to have a minute knowledge of its anatomical organization, particularly in view of the great potentialities of modern neurophisiological methods.

Our plan is thus jointly to tackle the minute organization of the visuo- and acoustic-cerebellar connection by means of micro-injections of horseradish peroxidase and radioactive amino acids, guided by results of ongoing work with more crude methods. It will be a laborious and timeconsuming work, but there is little doubt that there are far better chances of getting valuable results if Professor Kawamura and we could collaborate intimately than if we are to work separately.

I may add that I consider Professor Kawamura as a conscientious, hardworking, imaginative and at the same time critical scientist with whom it is a pleasure to collaborate.

Yours sincerely

A.Brodal
@


I-77

Professor A. Brodal, 15th April, 1976
Anatomisk Institutt,
Unifersitetet i Oslo,
Karl Johans gate 47,
Oslo 1,
NORWAY


Dear Professor Brodal,

It is with our greatest pleasure that we write you hereby a formal letter asking to give a special lecture, in English if you like, in the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Japanese Anatomical Society which is scheduled to be held 2-4 April 1977 in Morioka. We are prepared to provide money to meet the economy class airfares for the trip of yourself to and from Japan, and your living expenses during the Meeting in Morioka.

We plan to have two special lectures, each for about 40 minutes: the one given by you (on 2nd April) and the other by Prof. T. Nagano of the Chiba University in Japan on his ultrastructur studies of the male reproductive organ (on 3rd April). Only one projector screen will be available in the lecture theatre, and you may use your slides in the size of either 5 cm x 5 cm or 8.3 cm x 10.3 cm. A manuscript, in 1,000 words approximately and without illustrations which describes the outline of your talk is to be received by us not later than the 1st day of December in this year. It is our custom to have the Proceedings printed and distributed among the members of the Society before the Annual Meeting takes place.

We should be most grateful if you would accept these conditions and agree to join us next year in Morioka.


Yours sincerely,

A. Yamauchi. President of the 82nd
Annual Meeting of the Japanese Anatomical Society, Professor of Anatomy

K. Kawamura. Vice-President of the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Japanese Anatomical Society, Professor of Anatomy
@


I-78

KK/yk April 17th, 1976

Professor Alf Brodal
Anatomical Institute
University of Oslo
Karl Johans gate 47
Oslo 1, Norway

Dear Alf,

Thank you for your kind letters of April 6th and a renewed recommendation for a grant in 1977. I am very much obliged to you. I hope I will be able to get the research grant next time. In my lab, equipments for the micro-injections are not available, although we want to have them. Are the equipments in your lab the same as described in Neuroscience Letters, 2 (1976) 51-56, by Eide et al? Do you think it is possible to obtain them easily? I would ask you or Fred to let me know.
Although I have my teaching duty in June, I hope it may be possible to change my lecture plan of the second half of June to other season of the year which enable me to visit Oslo from the middle of June. I hope I can manage to do this, I will inform you later.
We are very much looking forward to the draft of the discussion and the illustrations of our paper. Thank you! I, with Hashikawa, order 200 reprints. I would like to ask you to order for me when accepted!
A few days ago, Yamauchi and I sent you a letter of invitation with some detailed information, asking you to come to Morioka in April next. We are extremely happy to have Inger and you in our lab and home.
Takako and I send our warmest greetings to Inger and you.

Yours,
Koki
(Koki Kawamura)
@


I-79

AB/eg May 3rd, 1976


Professor A. Yamauchi and
Professor K. Kawamura
Department of Anatomy
School of Medicine
Iwate Medical University
Morioka 020, Japan


Dear Professor Yamauchi and Professor Kawamura,

Thank you very much for your kind invitation I your letter of April 15th 1976 to come to Morioka and to deliver a lecture at the 82nd. Annual Meeting of the Japanese Anatomical Society in April 1977. Needles to say, I consider this invitation and your kind offer of paying my trip to Japan a great honour.

As you may know I have previously assumed that I might be able to undertake this trip and a visit which would be very interesting, my main worry being my health condition in such a far future.

The reason for my somewhat late reply is that I have needed some time to think the matter over again, particularly in view of the long and without doubt, strenuous journey. About a month ago I had som slight subjective warnings that I may run the risk of getting another brain embolism, this time in the left cerebral hemisphere. Although a cerebral angiography did not reveal any definite atheromatic placque in the cerebral arteries on the left, this negative finding is, as you will know, no guarantee against the presence of such a placque. I think, therefore, that I better do not at present plan a very strenuous journey in a year from now. It would also be regrettable from your point of view if an invited speaker should fail to come as planned.

Much to my regret, therefore, I have decided that I dare not accept your kind invitation to come to Japan in 1977. I sincerely hope this will not cause any inconvenience to you. Thanking you again and with my best wishes

Yours sincerely
A. Brodal
@


I-80

AB/eg May 3rd, 1976


Professor Koki Kawamura
Department of Anatomy
School of Medicine
Iwate Medical University
Morioka 020
JAPAN


Dear Koki,

Thank you for your letter of April 17th and that to Grethe of April 20th concerning our joint paper. As to the latter Grethe has made the changes you suggest, and we are in agreement with you except on one minor point. The manuscript is being typed in the final version at present, and will be sent to Brain Research in a few days. I have noted your wish of 200 reprints for you. I am glad that you liked the paper and hope it will be accepted without any requests for shortening or alterations.

As you saw from my letter to the Director of your Society for the Promotion of Science I found it wise to point to a special task for our collaboration, since it is obvious that you and we at present are working very much along parallel lines. I was wondering whether youfre application for a grant might be worded a little different from the draft which you sent me, in order that there may be a better correspondence in the content of the two letters. But maybe you had our have already sent it.

As concerns the equipment for microinjections the apparatus we have got is a modified model of that described by Eide. Before it can be used it is essential to test it, and Fred is organizing here. If you can get hold of it, it might perhaps be wise to wait, at least until you have got the grant, since the trustees otherwise may say that since you have the equipment there is no need for you to go to Oslo?

As to your visit this year I hope you will manage to come in June for reasons I have mentioned previously, I can tell you that if you like you may stay in the guest-room in the basement of our institute.
We can, of course, not manage to do much in the way of research in a monthfs time, but may mainly discuss matters, and I hope the stay will also mean a sort of holiday for you.

As you will see from the copy of my letter to you and professor Yamauchi, I have decided that I dare not accept your kind invitation to come to Morioka in 1977.

At present my health condition is as it has been the last 2-3 years and I am working full time. But no one can tell about the future!

Inger and the children and grandchildren are all well. Per has got a fellowship to go to Oxford for one year from January 1977. Grethe is working hard now on the ponto- and olivocerebellar projections to the flocculus and paraflocculus (in the rabbit) in order to obtain sufficient material for her doctoral dissertation. You will probably hear about her main results when you come here in June, when they are presumably clear.

She as well as Fred and Inger send their best regards to you, as well as to Takako and Yoko, who is now probably already a small lady.

Looking forward to seeing you soon and with kind regards

Yours,
Alf
A.Brodal
@


I-81

Professor Dr. med. A. Brodal May 10th, 1976
Anatomical Institute,
University of Oslo,
Karl Johans gate 47,
Oslo 1, NORWAY


Dear Professor Brodal,

Thank you for your letter of May 3rd. Professor K. Kawamura and I quite understood the reasons why, in precaution against the health problem, you were not willing to plan a long trip for the Japanese Anatomical Society Meeting at Morioka in April 1977. We will give up the idea of having your special lecture in the Meeting, and will seek for a substitute perhaps from those neurologists who have not previously made a visit to this country.

We sincerely hope that you will keep taking good care of yourself. The kind considerations expressed in your letter on the success of the Meeting are most gratefully appreciated.

Yours sincerely,
A. Yamauchi
President of the 82nd
Annual Meeting of the
Japanese Anatomical
Society.
Professor of Anatomy.
@


I-82

KK/yk
Professor Alf Brodal May 24th, 1976
Anatomical Institute,
University of Oslo,
Karl Johans gate 47,
Oslo 1, NORWAY

Dear Alf,

Thank you for your kind letters of May 3rd. Yamauchi and I fully understand why you dare not plan a strenuous journey, although I could not help feeling a regret. Dear Alf, please take the best care of yourself!
We received from Grethe with great thanks a complete manuscript of our joint paper, very nice!! As for my application for a next year grant, I have already sent to the Society and strong hope that I will get a positive outcome this time. I appreciate your kind help and recommendation. Please understand me that as it was written in Japanese I did not send you a copy.
It has taken some time before I could decide the date of my visiting Oslo for about a month, this is the reason of my delayed correspondence ? please forgive me. I will arrive at Forneby airport at 9:55a.m. of June 12th (Saturday) by AFL No. 211. Thank you for your kind permission of my staying in the guest-room. I will write this in my letters to Fred and to Grethe as well. I sincerely ask you to take your time of your kind advice and discussions, as I will bring with me the results of our tectopontine (HRP) and pontocerebellar (ARG) works.
I am at present preparing for my lecture on corticocortical connections to be presented at the symposium of Japanese Physiologist Meeting scheduled to be held 1st of June. This is a rather big job for me.
Takako and I are glad to hear that Inger and your children and grandchildren are all well. I congratulate Per on his stay in Oxford. I am very much looking forward to seeing you soon and please give my best regards to all your family.

Yours,
Koki
(Koki Kawamura)
@


I-83

AB/eg May 31st, 1976

Professor Koki Kawamura
Department of Anatomy
School of Medicine
Iwate Medical University
Morioka 020
JAPAN


Dear Koki,

Thank you for your letter of May 24th. We are all looking forward to seeing you here. I have noted your arrival to be on June 12th at 9:55 a.m. Since at that day there is the celebration in connection with the Jahre price and I have to give a talk at the ceremony, I cannot meet you at the airport, but if it is possible for Fred he will be there to pick you up. If not, you will certainly manage to find your way yourself.

I hope this will reach you before your departure. With best regards to Takako and Yoko from all of us

Yours
Alf
Alf Brodal
@


I-84

KK/yk 6 August 1976

Professor Alf Brodal
Anatomical Institute
University of Oslo
Karl Johans gate 47
Oslo 1, NORWAY

Dear Alf,

Bing back from my long, fruitful journey, it is indeed a great pleasure to send you a letter with cordial thanks for all your kindness, both in your office and at your cozy home. Especially I am grateful for Inger and you to have given me a pleasant night-and-day life as a guest and also for your kind consideration as a co-worker for writing a review article and for future schemes.

I am planning to do the operations of 3H-amino acids injections in the pons and the olive for 5 cats using needle in August, starting from tomorrow, and another 5 cats using micropipette in September. (Therefore, development will be in October.) But frozen sections containing injection sites will be prepared a bit earlier than paraffin section of the cerebellum. I will keep you informed concerning this. We have our Annual Anatomical Meeting in the end of August.

I am happy to inform you that our joint programme has been considered in the first exam to deserve a grant. In nine cases out of ten, it will be possible to get the grant of next year, the chief of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Sciences told me. I understood that this is a bureaucratic expression, since the final decision comes from the Government, when next yearfs budget is finalized in January next. Our fiscal year starts from April. I feel myself, therefore, that from next October (1977) all Kawamura family will be in Oslo, in case we could obtain a family-room, possibly, in Kringsja. Could you please care for it?

Since I want to look through all the necessary papers concerning the pons and the olive before my departure, I ask you to kindly give me, as a teacher, advices and instructions when you felt necessary.
About my enjoyable life in London, at Raismanfs home and lab and at Queen Square Hospital, I will write in the next mail.
Thank you again for all your kindness, and Takako and I send our kindest greetings to Inger and to yourself.

Yours,

(Koki Kawamura)
@


I-85

KK/yk

Professor Alf Brodal 10 September 1976
Anatomical Institute
University of Oslo
Karl Johans gate 47
Oslo 1, NORWAY

Dear Alf,

Takako and I are so glad to know that Inger and you enjoyed your holidays in Tuddle and Telmark. Takako was extremely pleased to have a letter and a postcard from Inger and we are dreaming of our meeting again and of the pleasant Nordic life from October next. Our university has recently got a formal positive letter concerning the joint-work programme from the president of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Sciences.
Under these circumstances, we have successfully, I hope, done a series of labeled amino acids (leucine and proline) microinjections in the inferior olive and in the pontine nucleus, using 12 adult cats; 5 cats are used for the pons (this time all experiments of the pons were performed with the needle) and the rest for the olive. Olivary injections were made with use of needles in 2 cats and of glass-pipettes in 5 cats (30 ? 60nl in one point aiming the rostral half of the medial accessory olive). A series of the present operations were performed in August and in September. In between there was an anatomical meeting, and I was asked to speak about the axonal flow techniques and their application for studying the central nervous connectivity. I hope 3 cases at least hit the exact aimed point, which will turn out to be clear in the end of this month. As soon as the emulsion (Kodak) comes from the U.S.A., we will proceed on dipping and development for paraffine sections of the cerebellum of the successful cases. This will be in October.
A few days ago, I sent you a copy of our manuscript of the tectopontine HRP-study which you kindly corrected and improved during my stay in Oslo. We sent this to the Brain Research. I should like you to permit us to do the acknowledgements.
In London, due to the kind help of Marion Smith, days in the National Hospital was nice and indeed positive. I even felt that I could obtain clinical education for a month or two, if I had time.

I remember that I promised to write what I have felt through contact with Raisman. I feel that he has a keen interest in Chinese culture, I donft think he is Maoist, and he is well educated and versed in his own national history and culture, particularly in English verse. He may be rather straight forward and may have a new sense of way-of-thinking, not so much sociable, perhaps he likes much to be concerned with rats of hypothalamic disfunction than to have his own stationary home-life. This is all that I can say, may be wrongcc, and I end by saying that he is a charming chap and that I like him. This impression obtained through transient contact with him is very confidential, I only say to you. @
I enclose herewith 3 photos of you. These are made from reversal (slide) films, so contrast and colouring are, as you will see, not good. But compositions, I hope, are not bad. I hope you like them. I am sorry to say that I donft have a film of our pleasant trip to Kongensview, although my missing camera has been found and returned to me with kind help of Miss Larssen.
Hoping to see you again. With my very best wishes and Takako, Yoko and I send you our kind regards and feeling of our gratitude to be so close with Inger and you, Alf.

Yours,

(Koki Kawamura)
@


I-86

AB/eg September 6, 1976

Professor Koki Kawamura
Department of Anatomy
School of Medicine
Iwate Medical University
Morioka 020, JAPAN


Dear Koki,

I am sorry that I am late in replying to your letter of Aug.6. Originally I had decided to write you much earlier, but I have waited to get the prints of my photos during your visit here. I enclose these which will presumably be of value, since you probably did not get your camera back?

Yesterday I also received copy of your manuscript of the origin of the tecto pontine fibers. I am rather sure that it will be accepted by Brain Research. I understand you are busy with leucine injections. It will indeed be interesting to see the results. Our work with micro-injections of HRP in the paramedian lobule proceeds slowly. It seems so far, however, that the four olivary regions which we determined to project to this lobule may be related to different longitudinal zones.

I am glad to hear that there are good hopes for your grant to come to Oslo again, as planned and let us hope that we at that time have enough material to write a sensible survey. It is still much too early to attempt any accommodation arrangements at gKringsjah. At present I am busy particularly with preparing the new edition of gNeurological Anatomyh

We had a very nice holiday up at our cottage this year, and strangely enough, there has been almost constant nice weather throughout all August and it still lasts!

I am looking forward to hear, as you say, gof your enjoyable life in Londonh in your next letter. Please give Ingerfs and my best regards to Takako and Yoko. We are very often using and enjoying the nice salad bowl!

With kind regards to you all
Yours
Alf
A. Brodal
@


I-87

KK/yk

Professor Alf Brodal 21 September 1976
Anatomical Institute
University of Oslo
Karl Johans gate 47
Oslo 1, Norway

Dear Alf,

Thank you so much for your kind letter of September 6th. And very nice pictures in Kingsview and at your home. They are certainly of great value and my lovely girls were delighted with them. I very often tell them about my happy days in Oslo and in Blommenholm and Yoko can express her thanks in Norwegian; Takk!
I am rather busy at present with teaching and dissection together with students and this will last until the middle of October, when dipping of paraffine sections of the cerebellum will start. We are waiting for the emulsion to arrive from America. I will keep you informed about this and as soon as I got the results, I am sure I will let you know.
I started writing, with Hashikawa, a paper of the origin of the tectoreticular fibers. The cell bodies of various sizes including the largest (more than 40 ƒÊm in diameter) are located in layers deeper than the intermediate gray layer (including this).
At the end of August, after the meeting of Japanese Anatomists, Yoko, Takako and I enjoyed some days in Kyoto and Nara, walking around the temples, mountains and the zoo. We all send our best wishes to Inger and to yourself, also to Kari and Per and to your lovely grandchildren.

Yours,

(Koki Kawamura)
@


I-88

Oct. 21, 1976
Dear Koki,

I have a very bad conscience for not having written you earlier, but the last few weeks have been rather hectic. However, last Friday I had very final lecture for the students and will from now on be free from teaching. There will be enough to do, not least will the work on the 3rd edition of my book require much labor.
I am glad to hear that you get time to do the leucine injections. I hope they will turn out to be successful. It appears that more and more people are becoming interested in the inferior olive, but much of the work done is not of a very good quality. I recently had two such papers for review from Brain Research on the olive. (By the way,
Purpura sent your paper on the tectopontine fiberfs origin to me for review! He was probably not aware of that I had already gone through it!)
We just had the proofs of our paper on the pontocerebellar projection to the usual areas. We ordered 200 reprints for you, as you asked for. I think the paper looks very nice and clean. Our third paper on the olivocerebellar projection (to the visual areas) has just appeared in the I.C.N. At present work on the olivocerebellar projection goes a little slowly, but Grethe and I will soon finish the projection to the vestibulocerebellum. And Per and Fred are almost finished write a paper on the pontine projection to the anterior lobule. We will remember to send you copies of the manuscripts. Now mainly the projections to crus I and‡Uremain to be tackled. I may mention that Fred and I believe we can demonstrate a good projection to the paramedian lobule (from the olive). We still need some material (microinjections) but so far it seems promising! Finally, thank you for the photos and all good wishes to Takako, Yoko and yourself from yours Inger and Alf.
@


I-89

KK/yk 26 November 1976

Professor Alf Brodal
Anatomical Institute
University of Oslo
Karl Johans gate 47
Oslo 1, NORWAY

Dear Alf,

Thank you so much for your kind letter of October 21st. I deeply apologize for the delay of my letter.
I am glad to hear that you are in healthy condition and that you are occupied in the new edition of your text-book and your research works, after your final lecture. I am very much looking forward to the copies of the coming manuscripts you mentioned (IO to the vestibulocerebellum, and Pons to the anterior lobe by Per and Fred). In addition, please let me have a copy of your recent paper on the olivocerebellar projection to the vermal visual area (J. c. N., 1976). I am preparing bit by bit for writing a draft of the cerebellar projection from the pons and the olive.

As for our leucine microinjections to the olive, we found it extremely difficult to hit the rostral half of the accessory olive, in contrast to the pontine nucleus injection. Recently we got only one (probably two) case which can be used for the study of longitudinal arrangement of the olivoparamedian projection, after 15 cases of the present series of operations. In fact, next Monday (29/Nov.), we will proceed on the dipping of these cases, together with others where injections turned out to be some different portions of the olive ? I hope they can be used for general study of the olivocerebellar projection. As a fruitful by-product, the injected leucine material in one case appeared to be confined to the medial portion of the dorsal accessory olive at level X. It would be nice if the paramedian projection in this case will show another different longitudinal pattern. This case is of course included in the Monday dipping.
In fact, we did dipping of some 8 cases in October but the back ground quality was unfortunately not good to see the climbing fiber endings, probably because of the emulsion. But even this condition we can obtain rather gaccurateh findings of the mossy fiber terminals because of their characteristic pictures of large dots with use of dark field illumination (mossy fiber terminals from the pons, not at all from the olive, as examined from our materials).
I am glad to inform you that our paper on the tectopontine fiberfs origin is accepted in Brain Research. And also thank you for your kindness that you ordered 200 reprints (of our joint paper) for me.
By the way, next Spring we will have an associate professor who is good at electron microscopic techniques as well as Golgi and HRP. I hope I will have more time for research works next year.
Takako, Yoko and I send our all best wishes to Inger and yourself.

Yours,
Koki
(Koki Kawamura)
@


I-90

Oslo Jan. 30, 1977
Dear Koki,

I hope you apologize my delay in answering your last letter. The time after Xmas has been rather hectic, and furthermore, I would wait until I could tell you some what more about our study of longitudinal zones in the paramedian lobule.
I enclose a few copies of figures for a paper on the last subject and a copy of the summary of that paper by Fred and myself. As you will see, there is little about that there is a zonal projection from the olive to the paramedian lobule, from the dorsal accessory, medial accessory and dorsal lamella of the principal olive, to a medial, middle and longitudinal zone, respectively. But the reason for the absence of labeling in the central ventral lamella is not obvious. We have pondered over this and are making a few more injections to see if more information can be gathered. One possibility is that the ventral lamella projects via mossy fibers, others that the ventral lamella supplies only deep parts of the folia (but cf. Armstrongfs findings!) or that the fibers are so scanty that a microinjection is not sufficient to produce clear labeling.
When we had our preliminary results I wrote to Oscarsson, he has now a paper in press in Brain Res. where he has some recordings from the paramedian lobule, and it appears from this that according to his evidence, there is a projection to parts of the zones C1and C3 in this lobule, not to C2 or D. Otherwise his results are completely in agreement with ours. I also wrote Voogd and got the illustrations and some comments on a paper which he has submitted to the J. Comp. Neur, in July, but about which he has not got heard anything (!). He has treated the zonal distribution of climbing fibers by Fink - Heimer and H3 leucine. His results agree well with ours in so far that the rostral med.acc.olive projects to the C2, and the dorsal accessory olive to zone C1EC3 is a little tricky; according to Oscarsson and Voogd it is not present throughout the length of the paramedian lobule. It appears that he did not as repeated find a projection to zone C3 from the medial accessory olive (C4 and C3 are assumed, or appear to receive their afferents from the same olivary region, at least as concerns the anterior lobe). He says that a projection from the ventral lamella is suggested by his findings but it may be restricted to the middle part of the lobule. There observations on the projection of the principal olive are not complete, he says. But it appears that the ventral projects to zone D1, the dorsal to zone D2. We found what appears to be zone D1 to receive afferents from the dorsal lamella.
It appears that Voogd has been doing about the same as you are doing. I was interested to see your sketch of three injections (your cases K#. 41, 44 and 45) in yourletter to Fred. It will be interesting to see how your tracings agree with the results of our HRP-tracings. - At present, I am particularly excited (or frustrated) by the ventral lamella. It is of course very difficult to obtain injections in this, but it might be worth while, and particularly to see if there is any evidence of mossy fiber projections from this. Otherwise the discrepancy concerning the dorsal lamella also merits close study (to D1 as judged from HRP, probably to D2 according to Voogd).
Grethe and I are just there days sending to the J. comp. Neurol. The paper on the projection from the olive to flocculus, modulus and paraflocculus. I send a copy. At present we are tackling the projections of the olive to Cr I and‡U. So far this seems to be rather tricky, probably on account of the presence of several zones and their curved course in the hemisphere.
Unfortunately, there is too little time for me at present to work hard on this. The revision of the book takes very much time, and I have some other commitment as well. I am anxious to hear if you have some news about the olivary projection.
At present we have a very cold period and much snow. Per and Kari and three children are moved with Phillips in Oxford. They have found a nice place to live, some 15km outside Oxford. Just before he left he and Fred finished a paper on the pontine projection onto the anterior lobe, which they have sent to Brain Res.
All is well here. I hope the same is the case for you and your family.
With Ingerfs and my best regards to Takako, Yoko and yourself

Yours,
Alf
P.S. Please do not inform Voogd of my telling you about his results. Excuse this dirty letter!
@


I-91

KK/yk 10 March, 1977

Professor Alf Brodal
Anatomical Institute
University of Oslo
Karl Johans gate 47
Oslo 1, Norway

Dear Alf,

Thank you very much for your kind letter of January 30th, and for the manuscripts of the olivocerebellar projections ‡X and ‡Y. I have read them with profound admiration and examined our labeled sections of the cerebellum carefully where amino acids (3H ? leucine and / or 3H ? praline) were steretotaxically injected in the olivary nucleus.
Please excuse me that it took more days than I thought before I write this. We have tried dipping procedures several times in order to improve sections which are good enough to obtain exact findings of climbing fiber terminals. Indeed we succeeded to obtain good sections of beautifully labeled climbing fibers in case we injected a substantial amount (500 ? 600 nl, i.e.10 ƒÊCi ? 12 ƒÊCi) of amino acids solution with use of a needle. It is clear that a fair number of neurons in the olive have sufficiently taken the solution into their somata, because they are densely labeled. However, in case of microinjections (killed after 3 days, 50 nl, i.e. 1ƒÊCi) using glass pitette, only small number of olivary neurons were labeled, and after 3 weeks of exposure time of 10 ƒÊm thick, every 20th, paraffine sections, to my great regret, we could not obtain convincing pictures of the terminals in the molecular layer of localized cerebellar portions. In recent days, I have looked and looked the sections only of the paramedian lobule of cats KH 41, 44 and 45 until my eyes ached with a hope to get reliable data which may support your HRP-findings, but alas it was in vain. Indeed, we have got some sections where parts of the molecular layer appear to have climbing fiber terminals, but not convincing! If these were taken to be as positive signs, it appears that the longitudinal zones of terminations of olivocerebellar fibers are apparent.
At the present stage, we have not systematically examined the entire sections of all our experimental cases. Therefore it may be too early to state some conclusive remarks (sorry I have at present short of time sitting before the microscope, because of the students-examination this week and of preparation for the coming Anatomists-Congress in Morioka). But if I have to say something at present, I have an impression that amount of amino acids injection into the olive needs more than, say, 5@ƒÊCi (may be 10 ƒÊCi) in order to obtain reliable data for studies of olivocerebellar projections. And probably we need more longer days of survival time. In addition, it is noteworthy to mention that labeled injected areas in the olive of 10 ƒÊCi of the acids appear not so extensive as compared with the case of injections of 1 ƒÊCi. You may feel strange, but it is so. I must add here that we have no cases of 10 ƒÊCi-injections in areas of the olivary complex which may project to the paramedian lobule. I will do some systematic survey after the Congress in April.
Another point I am thinking now is that; for studies of the olivary longitudinal projection to particular portion of the cerebellum with microinjections (50 ml, 1 ƒÊCi), it is absolutely necessary to change our plan: 1) take every 5 or 10th section 2) dip a small number of sections at one time, for example, only the paramedian lobule. This is, I think, practically important. 3) longer survival time @4) frozen sections may give better results since defatting will be more complete. Then we may get sections of better quality, especially of little back ground activities. I suppose that Voogdfs successful cases are not microinjections, and that he injects the solution of more than 5 ƒÊCi. Could you please tell me about this?
I regret very much that this letter contains no positive information, even though you have kindly given me copies of the splendid manuscripts. Please give my best wishes to Inger and also to Fred and Grethe.

Yours,
Koki
(Koki Kawamura)

P.S. I have just been informed from the Japan Promotion of Sciences that final decision was made by the Government that my grant has secured. I hope that I will study in the Institute from the beginning of October for 3 months. OK? I will be accompanied by Takako and Yoko who will stay in Oslo for a month at least.
Koki
Best wishes from Takako. @@
@


I-92

AB/AH March 24, 1977

Professor Koki Kawamura
Department of Anatomy
School of Medicine
Iwate Medical University
Morioka 020
Japan

Dear Koki,

Thank you for your letter of March 10. I am sorry to hear that you have problems with the leucine method. I am, unfortunately, not able to five you any useful advice, but I enclose copies of Voogdfs pages on Material and Methods. This is probably formally not quite correct, and I suggest that you write him, asking him for a copy of the manuscript, where you mention that you have heard about his studies from me, but not that I have sent you these two pages. In fact, without having yet studied his paper in all details, I think he has produced quite a bit of information, mainly on the projection of the accessory olives. He has some rather localized injections as well. I have read Fredfs letter to you, and I believe he is right in what he says about microinjections. However, nothing about this is mentioned in the paper from which I send copies of two pages, but is probably described in the companion paper, also submitted to JCN.

You may have seen that our paper on the pontine projection to the vermal visual area has finally appeared in Brain Research. I hope you get the reprints I ordered for you.

I am glad that you have now got the final approval of your application for a fellowship. I suppose it will then be timely to try to find accommodation for you, Takako and Yoko from October 1st until for example January 1st 1978. ? I suppose we will try at Studentbyen pa Sogan, and I hope this will be OK for you. I will let you know if and when we succeed.
We look forward to seeing you all here again. If we stick to our plans to write a critical review of present knowledge of the anatomy of the inferior olive while you are here, I suppose we will need these three months for this. Hopefully, you may until then have got some new and good results with the leucine / proline methods.
Please five Ingerfs and my best regards to Takako and Yoko,
Yours,
Alf
A. Brodal

P.S. I have written today about Sogn as well as Kringsja.
@


I-93

KK/yk 29 March 1977

Professor Alf Brodal
Anatomical Institute
University of Oslo
Karl Johans gt. 47
Oslo 1, Norway

Dear Alf,

We are presenting a report of our (with Hashikawa) HRP-study of the cell bodies of origin of tectoreticular fibers in the coming Anatomical meeting. Since we found some interesting findings, I will send you herewith the copy of the summary and figures. Comparisons and discussions with cells of origin of other tectal efferent systems (the tectopontine, the tectospinal and the tectothalamic) are of value and interesting. Draft of this paper is finished and we are now elaborating to make it better. This will end in a few weeks, I am sure. And then again we will concentrate our works on the cerebellar afferent systems. A series of your HRP-studies in this field is remarkable and marvelous and I feel that we really need our hard work to tie up with yours.
As for our tectoreticular paper (HRP), I would be very grateful if you could find your precious time to give me a favour to look through our manuscript, when it is ready for submitting to the Journal, for example, to the J. comp. Neurology. I know you are very busy, but I cannot think of any other teacher to ask for the improvement of the manuscript. I suppose that I made some progress in English, so I hope that the story and the writing of the text is not bad.
I hope Inger and you are well. Takako and I send our warmest greetings to you and are waiting for your kind letter showing the acceptance of our 3-months-stay in Oslo.

With best regards,
Yours,
Koki
Encl. (Koki Kawamura)
@


I-94

15 April 1977
Dear Alf,

How glad I was when I received your letter of March 24th together with that of Fred and two pages of Voogd!
Since I have finished the business on the Morioka meeting, I will start with Hashikawa the leucine 1 proline injections in the olive and also some cases in the pons.
As far as I knew from Voogdfs paper, he injected labeled amino acids in the olive in larger amounts (eg. 50 ƒÊCi in cat H9048, 30 ƒÊCi in H8784, 20 ƒÊCi in H9201cthis is his minimum case) than we did. We could obtain a case (cat KH 28) when climbing fibers along the Purkinje dendstic trees are nicely labeled (I enclose the photo herewith) with 6 ƒÊCi injections.
Therefore, at least methodologically, I hope we can get better results than he did.
I am just thinking how to write him, since I suppose Voogd may not have done microinjections as we unsuccessfully did (please see my previous letter, so small as 1.0 ƒÊCi). This is the main reason that I was late in answering your letter.
Thank you for your kind accommodation care for us from 1/Oct. to 1/Jan.f78, and for the reprints (B.Pes.). I hope I can prepare enough date and knowledge to write a review of olive and pons before I visit Oslo, since, for me, it is a happy and necessary chance of training to write a critical review under your guidance. I will try to bring with me the draft of it.
But in case you suggest me to do another kind of work, I donft think I am too stubborn to stick to the review working.
Takako, Yoko and I, all send our kindest greetings to Inger and to yourself.

Yours,
Koki
(Koki Kawamura)

P.S.
I am enclosing a photo to show the mossy fiber endings in the granular layer of the cerebellum as well.

Encl. 2 photos
@


I-95

AB/eg 22, April 1977

Professor Koki Kawamura
Department of Anatomy
School of Medicine
Iwate Medical University
Morioka 020, Japan


Dear Koki,

Thank you for your last letter. The two photographs are very nice, indeed, particularly that of the climbing fibers! I hope you will have success with your further experiments.

I am writing you now mainly to mention some points concerning the review we are planning. I have the idea that we should limit it to an account of the olivocerebellar connections, since we have no personal data on the cerebello-olivary projections. Of course we will have to consider also these in the discussion, as well as other relevant points.

I suppose we will have to start the review with an account of the topography, cytology and perhaps a little on the comparative anatomy and histochemistry of the olive. We then turn to the olivocerebellar connections (perhaps after first having mentioned a little about the cerebellar subdivisions, longitudinally and transversally.)

We will have to decide if we should do this with reference to cerebellar subdivisions or olivary subdivisions (perhaps the first will be most practical). Then we consider retrograde, HRP, silver and radioautographic data for each part, and here we may perhaps include reference to physiological findings. I hope we will have enough data to make a fairly complete picture of the entire projection. In a following section we will then consider the afferents, as far as they are known, and see if some sense comes out of this. A final chapter will deal with general and functional problems.

I am sure we will have plenty to do with this during Oct., Nov., Decc I do not think we should start writing before we get together, but we may try, in the meantime, to collect references and to make notes concerning different points (for example on the distribution within the olive of various kinds of afferents).

At present I am extremely busy with the revision of my book. It is indeed time-consuming and difficult, and I do not see that I can be finished until October 1st. Under these circumstances it is a great comfort to know that you are an efficient worker, so I hope we will manage to complete the review during your stay here. I hope, until then, that we will have got some information of the projections with HRP onto Cr.‡Tand ‡U. We have now a fairly good material or such cases.

I have not yet got a definite answer concerning accommodation for you, but I expect to get it in the beginning of May and will then let you know.

With kind regards to Takako, Yoko and yourself from Inger and


Yours
Alf
A.Brodal
@


I-96

30/April, e77

Dear Alf,

Thank you very much for your letter of April 22nd which I read just now. We, together with Takako and Yoko, will take todayfs afternoon-train to visit Yokofs two grandmothers where we will spend 5 days. I write again a letter to you, when we come back. Warm greetings to Inger and to yourself from three of us.

Yours,
Koki
@


I-97

KK/yk
17 May 1977
Professor Alf Brodal
Anatomical Institute
University of Oslo
Karl Johans gate 47
Oslo 1, NORWAY

Dear Alf,

Thank you so much for your kind letter of April 22nd. As I wrote to you in my last letter of April 30th, three of us spent several days in the south and Yoko was extremely happy with her grandmothers and cousins and also in the zoo in Tokyo, the biggest in my country.
Since Hashikawa and I have almost written up a manuscript of Tectoreticular cellfs origin with HRP method, and since we got new tritiated amino acids (proline and leucine) a few days ago from England, we planned to do needle injection of 6 ƒÊCi (same amount of our successful case (KH28) of the acids to various portions in the olivary complex in 9 cats starting from today. I hope we will have a success; compliments from you and Fred to our picture of climbing fiber endings and suggestions for further operations are indeed for us most encouraging.
As for our autoradiographic study of pontocerebellar projections, we (Hashikawa and I) have now 11 successful cases (10 ƒÊCi-injections), and 2 cases will hopefully be added in a month or so which altogether largely cover the main parts of the entire pontine gray proper. Findings of some cases (cats KH 2, 9, 13, 18, 24) I have shown you in figures before. We have written a draft of this work other than the Discussion and Introduction. We have decided not to do additional operations to the pons for a while.
I have read with delight your perspective comments on the review of the inferior olive. I realize that this will certainly take full three months and that this is the most interesting and desired work. By the time I leave Morioka, at the end of September, I will do good survey on our materials as well as on the references. I should be an gefficienth coworker.

With best wishes from Takako, Yoko and myself who are looking forward to seeing Inger and you.
Yours,
Koki
(Koki Kawamura)
@


I-98

KK/yk 14 June 1977

Professor Alf Brodal
Anatomical Institute
University of Oslo
Karl Johans gate 47
Oslo 1, Norway


Dear Alf,

We have finished writing a paper: gCell bodies of origin of reticular projections from the superior colliculus in the cat. An experimental study with the use of horseradish peroxidase as a tracer.h We are thinking of sending this to J. comp. Neurology. This is so to speak a continuation of our previous study of tectopontine cellsf origin.
Let me send you a copy of the manuscript, with a separate mail, asking whether it would be possible for you to do me a favour to read and correct the manuscript, and hopefully to give me a criticism.
I know that you are busy with the revision of your new textbook, but I hope this is not too annoying for you.
With my best wishes and thanking you in advance!

Yours,

(Koki Kawamura)
@


I-99

KK/yk 2 July 1977

Professor Alf Brodal
Anatomical Institute
University of Oslo
Karl Johans gate 47
Oslo 1, Norway

Dear Alf,

After I sent you, asking you to give me a favour, our manuscript of tectoreticular originfs cells, two papers appeared in recent J. comp. Neurol. concerning the efferent connections of the SC in the monkey (by J. K. Harting, 173: 583-612) and in the cat (by J.Graham, 173: 629-654).
I think the two articles should be included in our reference and be commented. Could you please let me know how do you referee our paper? I would be very grateful if you could kindly tell me your comments on this work and how to improve it. I wish to start rewriting if you could suggest me to do.
We have done leucine and proline (aa) injections to the olive in some ten cases. Most of these are now in the boxes. I will write you about this and other results of cerebellar afferents in the next mail.
With my best wishes,


(Koki Kawamura)
@


I-100

AB/eg 17th, July 1977

Professor Koki Kawamura
Department of Anatomy
School of Medicine
Iwate Medical University
Morioka 020, Japan

Dear Koki,

It has taken some time before I got down to go through your paper. However, I return it now under separate cover. On the whole I find it to be a valuable and critical study. Apart from linguistic corrections I have only few comments to most of it (see notes in the margin.) The Discussion, however, seems to me on some points to be somewhat lengthy and in part to consider problems in too much detail. I can well understand this. I have myself the tendency to grasp too widely in the Discussion, but as you know, publishers are usually not too enthusiastic about this. I believe it would be wise of you to try to shorten, condense and in part leave out something in the Discussion (from page 16 and later). I have, therefore, not made many linguistic corrections in this part. If you like, you might send the paper to me once more, for corrections of the last part. Even if the points you discuss are of interest, they rather belong in a review article. If I will not see a revised edition of the discussion, I would prefer that you do not mention me in the acknowledgement.

I have good news fro you. A 2 room flat has been reserved for you, Takako and Yoko at Kringsja from October 1st until Dec. 31. 1977. So we do not have to worry about the problem of accommodation.

We have so far had a rather good summer, with many warm and sunny days. We spent a week up at our cottage in the middle of June, and are going there again in the end of July for the gproperh holidays. At present I am still laboring with the 3rd. Edition, and take some afternoons off.

I hope all is well with all three of you and send my best regards

Yours,
Alf
A. Brodal
@


I-101

KK/yk 23 July 1977

Professor Alf Brodal
Prestasen 14,
1310 Blommenholm
Beerum, Norway


Dear Alf,

Thank you very much for your kind letter of July 7th and the revised manuscript with critical comments.
I agree that several portions you mentioned in the Discussion are lengthy and they are shortened referring to the previous papers. Two recent papers of tectal efferents (particularly the part of the olive) by ARG-study (one by Graham and the other by Harting) are included. Because of your kind help the manuscript is improved. I am sending it again under separate cover to the anatomical institute, with my wish to give me your favour for further corrections.
Takako and I are extremely glad to hear that a two-room flat is secured in Kringsja. Thank you! I will submit the forms to Students amskipnaden.
I hope Inger and you will enjoy your good holidays. As for me, since I have almost written up a small review of gassociationh cortex and association fibers (I have been asked to write this by a publisher of Japanese medical journal), we will spend a couple of days in the mountains or at the sea-side and then back again to the autoradiographic works of cerebellar afferents, the sections are just ready.
With our kind regards to Inger and to yourself,

Yours,

(Koki Kawamura)
@


I-102

AB/if August 22nd, 1977

Professor Koki Kawamura,
Department of Anatomy,
Iwate Medical University,
Morioka 020,
Japan


Dear Koki,

I received the second version of your paper with Hashikawa just before I went off for my 3-weeks vacation in our cottage. I have gone through it, but could not get it dispatched until I was back.
I think the Discussion is now improved considerably, and even if you have deleted many details it is quite sufficient and easier to read than the first one. I have gone through the whole paper and corrected a few minor errors in the first part. I have only a few comments.
I believe it would be an advantage to add in the drawings of the colliculi (figs. 3 ? 6) L and R to indicate the side.
The raphe should be consequently referred to as the raphe nuclei, not nucleus.
In footnote 2 you probably mean that the findings of Graham do not agree with yours?
In the reference list reference to Brodal and Brodal, 1971, is now deleted, but the paper is still mentioned on p.8.
The time for your arrival here is approaching and we are looking forward to seeing you, Takako and Yoko again. Please let me know the exact time of your arrival (Flight number etc.) in due time.
With all good wishes to all three of you, also from Inger,

Yours,
Alf
@


I-103

29 August 1977

Dear Alf,

Thank you for your kind letter of August 22nd and the corrected manuscript. We are very grateful to you. We will send this to the J. comp. Neurol. next Monday (5th of Sept.), since I am away from Morioka during 30/Aug. ? 3/Sep. to attend the Neuroscience workshop organized by Profs. M. Ito and K. Katsuki. I was asked to give a small lecture of intracellular staining by use of HRP. At first I hesitated to accept this, but being pushed I agreed to show our successful case of Purkinje cellsf staining having been done with the help of members of the physiological department. I am happy to show you the picture in Oslo, if you have interest. I spent only one day for this operation. We have some 7 successful cases for olivocerebell. proj. (Autoradiography). Longitudinal zones are clear in most cases. Hashikawa will look the sections in detail while I am away! I will study the olive when I come back.
Under separate mail, we send you a set of figures of our pontocerebellar studies by ARG. Ifm writing the first part of the Ms.
We will arrive at Oslo at 14:45 on 1st of October (Saturday, Pan Am #142 from London via Bergen). Sorry I have no time for re-writing. Best regards and warmest greetings to Inger.

See you,
Koki
@


I-104

AB/G September 6th, 1977

Professor Koki Kawamura
Department of Anatomy
School of Medicine
Iwate Medical University
Morioka 020
Japan


Dear Koki,

Thank you for your last letter of Aug. 29th. We have noted the time for your arrival, and will meet you at the airport, possibly with two cars, to accommodate also the luggage.

I have had a brief glance on the drawings of your pontocerebellar series. They look very interesting, and I am looking forward to see your paper. Recently Grethe has finished the mapping of the pontine labeled cells following injections of the flocculus-paraflocculus, and together we are about to map the projection to the uvula. It will be interesting to correlate this with your findings.

On Sunday Inger and I are going for a week to visit Per and Kari in Oxford. We are looking forward to this very much.

At present Fred, Naipinnich and I are about to complete a study of the olivary projection to Cr.‡Tand‡U, and I hope this will be clear in time so that we can include it in our planned review. I hope we shall be able to get something out of our planned project and am looking forward to our collaboration with pleasure.

Please five my as well as Ingerfs best regards to Takako and Yoko.

Yours,
Alf
@


I-105

KK/yk 22 September 1977

Professor Alf Brodal
Anatomical Institute
University of Oslo
Karl Johans gate 47
Oslo 1, Norway


Dear Alf,

Thank you very much for your kind letter of September 6th. Takako and I are grateful for you that we can see you at the airport, thank you! Since we will bring all the clothes and books for a boy and two girls, we often discuss on the way how to carry the luggage. When Takako read your last letter, she thanked for you kindness, laughed and talked about the memory of our first landing in Norway. It was in 1971.
For me this is the fourth visit to you, but strange enough, I feel the present journey as fresh as the first with expectation and pleasure. Although I could not prepare well enough to start writing a review of the olivocerebellar projections, I will do my best during Oct., Nov. and Dec. under your able guidance.
As for the work of pontocerebellar projections, Hashikawa and I are pleased with the possibility of comparing our ARG-results with your HRP-findings including the uvula and crus‡Tand‡Uwith a hope to finish Discussion. Please note that the drawings of KH13, 18, and 36 are slightly revised. We have written only a first part of the draft. Before I go to Oslo, I hope we can send you, under separate cover, the revised drawings, summarized findings (ARG) of the olivocerebellar projections together with our brief notes of these two cerebellar projections. I should mention that Hashikawa is a good worker, he helped me a great deal.
I hope you did enjoy your stay in Oxford with Perfs family. Actually Takako and I discussed on a plan of visiting Per and Kari on our way, via London, to Oslo. However, since I was asked from Raisman to look his ratfs pontine sections of muscarinic receptors in his lab in Mill Hill, we had to give it up. I hope I can meet Per probably on the very last days of this year! Takako and Yoko will leave Oslo for home in the end (or middle) of November. She says that she wants to see Paris, while I am working!
Please let me tell you another story. Quite recently, I got a letter of invitation from Professors Creutzfeldt and Raisman to join the board of co-editors in the section of Neuroanatomy of Experimental Brain Research. You will understand my feelings of hesitation, since I know that it is too big a job for me. Maybe I can help the job in the fields of the cerebral cortex and the superior colliculus, but my English! After long, long consideration, I ventured to accept this. I made up my mind to level up my academic as well as linguistic ability though this task. Dear Alf, I sincerely ask you, during my three months stay, please give me your kind guidance to become a real scientific worker.
With my best wishes and warmest greetings to Inger and to yourself from three of us.

Yours,

(Koki Kawamura)